“…Phthalates, mainly DEHP, DBP, or DEP, have been reported to alter the activities of marker testicular enzymes of laboratory animals associated with the specific events of spermatogenesis, inducing ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis of spermatocytes. One possible mechanism is that ROS generation might correlate with DEHP-induced Ca 2+ entry, potentially through the Ca 2+ -mediated activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) complex (104). Recently, limited epidemiological studies have also reported that phthalate metabolites are associated with oxidative stress.…”