Development and In Vivo Characterization of Probiotic Lysate-Treated Chitosan Nanogel as a Novel Biocompatible Formulation for Wound Healing

Abstract

Wound healing is a physiological reaction to tissue injuries which plays a crucial role in replacing the destroyed tissues. Probiotics produce valuable compounds that possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, immunomodulatory effects, and angiogenesis traits leading to the promotion of wound healing. Chitosan nanostructures have versatile properties making them quickly produced into gels, scaffolds, nanoparticles, beads, and sponge structures that can be incorporated into wound healing processes. In the current study, three formulations from nanogel consisting of probiotic supernatant (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Bacillus subtilis sp. natto)-loaded chitosan nanogels were prepared from the culture of corresponding cultures. The chitosan nanogels were previously characterized by Zetasizer, FTIR, and TEM. The prepared formulations’ effectiveness and dressing activity were assessed by evaluating wound closure and histological trials in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results indicated that all probiotic lysate formulations have advantages over the wound healing process. However, Bacillus subtilis natto has a better wound healing quality, which is well known in pathology examination. The favorable effects of probiotic lysate nanogels, including the reasonable wound closing rate, good wound appearance, and satisfactory histological observation via in vivo examination, suggest it as a promising nominee for wound healing purposes.

Insight Into the Beneficial Role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Supernatant Against Bacterial Infections, Oxidative Stress, and Wound Healing in A549 Cells and BALB/c Mice

“…In another study, Limosilactobacillus fermentum enhanced the wound healing by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic factors ( Brandi et al, 2020 ). Ashoori et al (2020) observed that the rate of wound healing was faster in the groups treated with both L. reuteri and L. fermentum supernatant-loaded chitosan nanogel ( Ashoori et al, 2020 ). The metabolites of probiotics increased proteoglycan deposition, angiogenesis, reduced inflammation, and stimulated different growth factors ( Matsumoto et al, 2005 ; Sonal Sekhar et al, 2014 ).…”

Biomimetic Hydrogels to Promote Wound Healing

“…Generally, hemolysis test, as well as in vitro and in vivo toxicity are performed to confirm the biocompatibility ( Romić et al, 2016 ; Li et al, 2021 ). Using biocompatible components is a straightforward and easy way to ensure the biocompatibility of hydrogel scaffold ( Hoque et al, 2017 ; Liang et al, 2019a ; Ashoori et al, 2020 ). For biodegradable hydrogels, the biocompatibility of fragments after degradation should also be taken into considerations.…”

Exploring the bone sparing effects of postbiotics in the post-menopausal rat model

“…Probiotics are live microorganisms that are suitable for the treatment of various diseases [ 8 – 12 ]. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), which was followed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP), probiotics are live strains of microorganisms that confer health benefits upon the host when administrated in adequate amounts [ 13 ].…”

“…Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds produced by probiotics during the fermentation process, including metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial cell fractions, functional proteins, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), cell lysates, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, and pili-type structures [ 12 , 24 ]. Many of the proposed health effects of the addition of probiotics are related to the cell lysate and supernatants [ 25 ].…”