Development and Characterization of Tailored Polyurethane Foams for Shock Absorption

Abstract

In this paper, different types of polyurethane foams (PUR) having various chemical compositions have been produced with a specific density to monitor the microstructure as much as possible. The foam may have a preferential orientation in the cell structure. The cellular polyurethane tends to have stubborn, typical cellular systems with strong overlap reversibility. Free expansion under atmospheric pressure enables formulas to grow until they are refined. Moreover, the physicochemical characterization of the developed foams was carried out. They later are described by apparent density, Shore hardness, Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and compression tests. The detailed structural characterization was used by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (MO) to visualize the alveolar polymer’s semi-opened cells, highlighting the opened-cell morphology and chemical irregularities. Polyurethane foams with different structural variables have a spectrum characterization that influences the phase separation and topography of polyurethane foam areas because their bonding capability with hydrogen depends on chain extender nature. These studies may aid in shock absorption production; a methodology of elaboration and characterization of filled polyurethane foams is proposed.

Preparation of Nonlethal Projectiles by Polyurethane Foam with the Dynamic and Microscopic Characterization for Risk Assessment and Management

“…Dynamic factors (for instance, the micro-inertial effect, the shock wave effect, and the material strain rate effect) also impact nonlethal projectile mechanical behavior. 37 The mechanical characteristics of polymer materials are highly dependent on strain rate. Therefore, future studies will examine the dynamic effects of the cell’s sand-filled structure.…”

“…The selection of polyol will significantly impact the properties, including the rate of cross-linking in polyurethane products. 20 The number of hydroxyl groups in polyurethane and its molecular size and versatility can be modified significantly to modify the product substance’s characteristics. For example, if a diisocyanate reacts with a diol, an elongated, thermoplastic polyurethane is produced.…”

“…It may have higher strength and rigidity or better elasticity and hardness. The selection of polyol will significantly impact the properties, including the rate of cross-linking in polyurethane products . The number of hydroxyl groups in polyurethane and its molecular size and versatility can be modified significantly to modify the product substance’s characteristics.…”

“…Various materials are used to ensure the soft use of nonlethal projectile weapons, in which modified polyurethane foam is generally used. 3 In this age of community-based police, the use of the most morally appropriate and ethical ways of maintaining harmony, law, and order is evident. The least ethically and compassionately acceptable sort of hurt would be less lethal.…”

“…Therefore, it is essential to associate the manufacturing process with the assessment of the lesion risk of these projectiles to avoid any situation that would be contrary to the doctrine of the use of nonlethal projectile weapons. Various materials are used to ensure the soft use of nonlethal projectile weapons, in which modified polyurethane foam is generally used . In this age of community-based police, the use of the most morally appropriate and ethical ways of maintaining harmony, law, and order is evident.…”