In this paper, different types of polyurethane foams (PUR) having various chemical compositions have been produced with a specific density to monitor the microstructure as much as possible. The foam may have a preferential orientation in the cell structure. The cellular polyurethane tends to have stubborn, typical cellular systems with strong overlap reversibility. Free expansion under atmospheric pressure enables formulas to grow until they are refined. Moreover, the physicochemical characterization of the developed foams was carried out. They later are described by apparent density, Shore hardness, Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and compression tests. The detailed structural characterization was used by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (MO) to visualize the alveolar polymer’s semi-opened cells, highlighting the opened-cell morphology and chemical irregularities. Polyurethane foams with different structural variables have a spectrum characterization that influences the phase separation and topography of polyurethane foam areas because their bonding capability with hydrogen depends on chain extender nature. These studies may aid in shock absorption production; a methodology of elaboration and characterization of filled polyurethane foams is proposed.
We aim to maintain as much control as possible over the development of the microstructure during the manufacture of polyurethane foam with a certain density. As a result, the finished product may not contain the required characteristics for the shock absorber used. That is why polyurethane foam loaded with zinc oxide and silica must be able to sustain the cellular structure and strengthen it. Mechanical characterization was carried out utilizing a dynamic drop impact test conducted on locally developed and constructed equipment. Polyurethane foams' mechanical properties are highly reliant on their density, cell structure (size and shape), and the fraction of open or closed cells. Within the cell structure, the foam may be directed preferentially. Following that, Raman spectroscopy and SEM investigation were used to visualize the semi-opened cells of the cellular polymer. The cellular polymer appears to possess permanent, regular cellular structures with a high degree of reversibility in terms of overlap.
Nonlethal projectiles
are manufactured and designed proportionately,
with a minimal likelihood of mortality or harm. However, numerous
real-world examples indicate that nonlethal projectiles can potentially
inflict severe lesions and death in some circumstances. As a result,
it is essential to design and manage the manufacture of projectile
materials to achieve maximum efficacy with the least amount of collateral
damage. The current paper provides a technique for generating and
analyzing filled polyurethane (PU) foams and studying their viscoelastic
characteristics. The sand and graphite composition ranged between
5 and 10% by weight. The suggested technique seeks to exert control
over the evolution of the microstructure. The mechanical characteristics
were obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing. We made
a pneumatic launcher and a sturdy rigid wall. In addition, the artificial
human head is covered with force sensors to perform dynamic characterization.
Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the polyurethane foam
cross sections demonstrated that the average cell size of 98 μm
was unaffected by the fillings’ content. Furthermore, X-ray
diffraction analysis (XRD) characterized the developmental foams’
physicochemical properties. Finally, we assessed the dynamic search
for nonlethal projectiles. We recorded the viscous criteria (VC
max
) values to check for nonlethal projectiles.
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