Developing a performance measurement model for agricultural extension agents

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose a performance measurement (PM) model for agricultural extension agents. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, management accounting-agricultural extension, the study has three main research objectives: highlight the main concepts to be embedded in a PM model for agricultural extension agents in an agricultural extension organization (RO1); identify main PM components of the proposed PM model for agricultural extension agents (RO2); and investigate empirically the causal relationships in the proposed PM model (RO3). Design/methodology/approach – An interdisciplinary literature review and a proposed PM model for agricultural extension agents are presented (RO1 and RO2). An empirical survey is incorporated, carried out in early 2011 (RO3), to examine three groups, totaling around 274 respondents. Data were collected through personal interviews using structured questionnaire forms. Path analysis technique was applied. Findings – The authors propose a PM model consisting of five components. The five components are: agricultural extension agents’ characteristics, agents’ work attitudes, services provided, use of agricultural extension services and farmers’ satisfaction with agricultural extension services. The overall findings of the empirical surveys were found to validate the suggested causal relations among the components of the model. Findings indicate that 85 per cent of changes in farmers’ satisfaction with services are explained by changes in the preceding variables in the model. Research limitations/implications – It is, however, important to view this study with a few limitations in mind; for instance, using a survey method (e.g. sampling and the use of questionnaires in data collection); and the constraints associated with the model. That is to say that the components of the model could be further increased to incorporate other aspects of stakeholders, e.g. the economic impact of governmental financial policies on tax and the customs duties on agricultural products. Practical implications – A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agricultural extension reference manual recommends certain purposes for a PM in agricultural extension organizations; interestingly, all these are already embedded in the proposed PM model, which makes it unequivocally a useful PM model for agriculture extension agents in agricultural extension organizations worldwide. Furthermore, the proposed model contributes significantly to agricultural extension practitioners and academics alike. It focuses the attention of agricultural extension organizations on the causal relationships among the model’s components. These components are linked to the agricultural extension organization strategies. Social implications – In addition to the practical implications above, the proposed PM model demonstrates the need for placing equal importance on all five components included and setting performance indicator (PI) targets. Originality/value – The importance of this study emerges from the fact that it is helpful to examine the development and implementation of PM models across various disciplines to enhance understanding. The PM model overcomes the shortcomings in previous PM models of agricultural extension agents’ criteria/models in the agricultural extension literature. It is not merely a theoretically proposed model because the proposed causal relations amongst its variables are empirically investigated. Following management accounting and strategy theories, the authors propose that the relative importance of the attributes of PI in the proposed model differs according to each agricultural extension organization’s strategy, size and organizational structure.

Exploring Performance Measurement System for Lecturer (Pmsl): Comparison Among Three Models in Indonesia, Singapore and Turkey

“…Based on this assertion, it is clear that performance JRAK 9.3 measurement focuses on the activities of measurement and report how well someone or something to do targeted. Performance measurement is highly helpful for the purpose of evaluating, controlling, and improving performance (Abdel-Maksoud & Abdel-Maksoud, 2015;Behn, 2003). Meanwhile, performance management is the process which helps an organization formulates, applies and changes their strategy to achieve a performance in the effort of fulfilling what the public-stakeholders expected for public sector context (Verweire & Van Den Berghe, 2004).…”

Management accounting research on farms: what is known and what needs knowing?

“…3.4 Definition, practices and evolution of management accounting in farming enterprises Table IV shows that 19 articles explicitly define MA using the terms "management account*" and/or "management control*" (e.g., Abdel-Maksoud and Abdel-Maksoud, 2015;Lu et al, 2016). In 15 articles, MA is referred to through its practices such as budgeting (e.g., Byrd et al, 2006;Ma et al, 2014), which in turn is embedded in traditional cost instruments such as gross margin and target costing (Fatah and Mat-Zin, 2013;Jack and Jones; or in modern techniques such as activity-based costing (Lu et al, 2016).…”

“…On average, the surface area exploited by the farmers/FEs varies between 1.3 (David, 1997) and 1,011.7 hectares (or 2,500 acres) (Hyde et al , 2007). Based on the surface area exploited by the farms (Chinnappa and Nagaraj, 2007; Singh et al , 2007), the number of employees (Halabi et al , 2010) and the number of animals/plants held (Gillespie and Nehring, 2013), the farms included in our sample can be classified as marginal-sized farms (Olagunju, 2002; Singh et al , 2007), small farms (Lu et al , 2016; Mauldon et al , 1969), medium-sized farms (Abdel-Maksoud and Abdel-Maksoud, 2015; Carey and Tanewski, 2013) or large farms (Hyde et al , 2007; Gillespie and Nehring, 2013).…”

“…Abdel-Maksoud and Abdel-Maksoud (2015) [9]. Agricultural extension is an educational process that focuses on rural populations with the aim of offering advice and information to help farmers solve their problems (Abdel-Maksoud and Abdel-Maksoud, 2015).Worldwide, agricultural extension actors include government bodies and policy makers (i.e., ministry of agriculture and community development actors).…”

Pengaruh Karakteristik Penyuluh, Kondisi Kerja, Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian Dan Pada Perilaku Petani Padi Di Kabupaten Rembang

“…Responden pada penelitian ini terdiri dari penyuluh pertanian di Kabupaten Rembang sebanyak 136 orang, kemudian untuk mengetahui out put kinerja penyuluh pertanian yaitu perilaku petani, dibutuhkan responden petani yang terdiri dari pengurus kelompok tani dan anggota kelompok tani binaan penyuluh pertanian sebesar 272 yang terdiri dari pengurus kelompok sebanyak 136 orang dan 136 anggota kelompok, yang diambil secara acak, yang tersebar pada 136 desa dan di 14 kecamatan di Kabupaten Rembang. Sebagaimana Muliady (2009), Bahua et al, (2010), Safaruddin, et al, (2011, Sapar et al, (2012), Sapar et al, (2014), Maksoud, (2015 yang kesemuanya dalam penelitiannya untuk mengukur out put kinerja penyuluh pertanian berupa perilaku petani menggunakan data petani yang menjadi binaan penyuluh pertanian.…”