“…THz metasurfaces, while highly flexible, currently face challenges with high losses, leading to considerable cumulative energy consumption across units response control [12,13,14,15,16]. In contrast, optoelectronic phased array methods [8,9,10,11] typically offer wider bandwidth, greater flexibility, and lower power consumption than conventional electronic phased array approaches [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The proposed passive THz OBFN in this study significantly reduces power consumption while maintaining high flexibility.…”