Design of an artificial skin. Part III. Control of pore structure

Dagalakis, Nicholas G.; Flink, James M.; Stasikelis, P.; Burke, John F.; Yannas, Ioannis V.

doi:10.1002/jbm.820140417

Cited by 342 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Second, the porous structure can give the scaffold an enormous surface area for cells to adhere to and interact with the scaffold. Third, the porous structure can allow nutrients to diffuse into the scaffold to support the growth of the seeded cells (Dagalaskis et al 1980). Three-dimensional type I collagen cell culture systems are able to support short-and long-term growth of various cell types, including cancer cell lines, endothelial cells, endometrial cells, hepatocytes, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts, and to sustain or even enhance cell differentiation in vitro (Themistocleous et al 2004).…”

Section: Specifications Of Polymers Commonly Used In 3-d Cancer Cell mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional polymeric systems for cancer cell studies

Burg

2007

Cytotechnology

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Three-dimensional (3-D) culture of cancer cells and of normal mammalian cells in a polymeric matrix is generally a better alternate model for understanding the regulation of cancer cell proliferation and for evaluation of different anticancer drugs. A substantial amount of evidence demonstrates important differences in the behavior of cells grown in monolayer, i.e., two-dimensional (2-D), and in 3-D cultures. Cancer cells grown in 3-D culture are more resistant to cytotoxic agents than cells in 2-D culture; growth of cells in vitro in 3-D requires a suitable polymer that provides a structural scaffold for cell adhesion and growth. Many naturally derived polymers as well as synthetic polymers have been investigated as scaffolds. The aim of this review is to overview the polymeric materials of natural and synthetic origin that are of specific interest to 3-D cell cultures, and discuss the development of new polymers that should be specifically designed for 3-D culture applications.

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Section: Specifications Of Polymers Commonly Used In 3-d Cancer Cell mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional polymeric systems for cancer cell studies

Burg

2007

Cytotechnology

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“…These conventional scaffold fabrication techniques include solvent casting-particulate leaching [66,79], gas foaming [17], fiber meshes/fiber bonding [80,81], melt molding [82,83], and thermal phase separation/freeze drying [36,37,[84][85][86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Scaffold Fabrication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pore size can be controlled by the freezing rate and pH; a fast freezing rate produces smaller pores [85,86]. TIPS/freeze drying has been used to create a homogenous 3D-pore structure [87,88].…”

Section: Figure 4: Fabrication Of Porous Polymer Scaffold Via Thermalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteoblast response to zirconia‐hybridized pyrophosphate‐stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate

Whited

Škrtić

Love

et al. 2005

J Biomedical Materials Res

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(Abstract)Biodegradable polyesters, such as poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), have been used to fabricate porous bone scaffolds to support bone tissue development. These scaffolds allow for cell seeding, attachment, growth and extracellular matrix production in vitro and are replaced by new bone tissue when implanted into bone sites in vivo.Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramics have been incorporated into PLGA bone scaffolds and have been shown to increase their osteoconductivity (support cell attachment). Although HAP, β-TCP, and biodegradable polyesters are osteoconductive, there is no evidence that these scaffold materials are osteoinductive (support cell differentiation). Calcium and phosphate ions, in contrast, have been postulated to be osteogenic factors that enhance osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Recently, a zirconia-hybridized pyrophosphate stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (Zr-ACP) has been synthesized which permits controlled release of calcium and phosphate ions and thus is hypothesized to be osteoinductive. Incorporation of Zr-ACP into a highly porous poly(DL lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold could potentially increase the osteoinductivity of the scaffold and therefore promote osteogenesis when implanted in vivo.To determine the osteoinductivity of Zr-ACP, a MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarialderived osteoprogenitor cell line was used to measure cell response to Zr-ACP. To accomplish this objective, Zr-ACP was added to cell culture at different stages in cell maturation (days 0, 4 and 11). DNA synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, iii osteopontin synthesis and collagen synthesis were determined. Results indicate that culture in the presence of Zr-ACP significantly increased cell proliferation, ALP activity and osteopontin synthesis but not collagen synthesis. To determine the feasibility of incorporating Zr-ACP into a PLGA scaffold, PLGA/Zr-ACP composite foams (5% or 10% (w/v) polymer:solvent with 25 wt% or 50 wt% Zr-ACP) were fabricated using a thermal phase inversion technique. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a highly porous structure with pores ranging in size from a few microns to about 100 µm. The amorphous structure of the Zr-ACP was maintained during composite fabrication as confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. Composite scaffolds also showed significantly greater compressive yield strengths and moduli as compared to pure polymer scaffolds.The results of this study indicate that Zr-ACP enhances the osteoblastic phenotype of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro and can be incorporated into a porous PLGA scaffold. Porous PLGA/Zr-ACP composites are promising for use as bone scaffolds to heal bone defects.iv

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Collagen is particularly attractive for tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility, degradation into physiological end-products, and suitable interaction with cells and other macromolecules. 8 Despite these advantages, the relatively weak mechanical properties of collagen may limit their use as a scaffold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosslinking and Mechanical Properties Significantly Influence Cell Attachment, Proliferation, and Migration Within Collagen Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds

Haugh

Murphy

McKiernan

et al. 2011

Tissue Engineering Part A

280

269

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Crosslinking and the resultant changes in mechanical properties have been shown to influence cellular activity within collagen biomaterials. With this in mind, we sought to determine the effects of crosslinking on both the compressive modulus of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds and the activity of osteoblasts seeded within them. Dehydrothermal, 1-ethyl-3-3-dimethyl aminopropyl carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde crosslinking treatments were first investigated for their effect on the compressive modulus of the scaffolds. After this, the most promising treatments were used to study the effects of crosslinking on cellular attachment, proliferation, and infiltration. Our experiments have demonstrated that a wide range of scaffold compressive moduli can be attained by varying the parameters of the crosslinking treatments. 1-Ethyl-3-3-dimethyl aminopropyl carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde treatments produced the stiffest scaffolds (fourfold increase when compared to dehydrothermal crosslinking). When cells were seeded onto the scaffolds, the stiffest scaffolds also showed increased cell number and enhanced cellular distribution when compared to the other groups. Taken together, these results indicate that crosslinking can be used to produce collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds with a range of compressive moduli, and that increased stiffness enhances cellular activity within the scaffolds.

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Design of an artificial skin. Part III. Control of pore structure

Cited by 342 publications

References 14 publications

Three-dimensional polymeric systems for cancer cell studies

Three-dimensional polymeric systems for cancer cell studies

Osteoblast response to zirconia‐hybridized pyrophosphate‐stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate

Crosslinking and Mechanical Properties Significantly Influence Cell Attachment, Proliferation, and Migration Within Collagen Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds

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