Depression and Parkinson disease: prevalence, temporal relationship, and determinants

Abstract

Background/aim: Comorbidity of depression in Parkinson disease (PD) is a major factor that changes patients' quality of life. However, the neurobiological and sociodemographic risk factors for this comorbidity are not well studied. In this study, we aimed to define the prevalence, temporal relationship, and psychosocial and clinical determinants of depression comorbid with PD.Materials and methods: Fifty-five PD patients were evaluated with SCID, a data form that assessed sociodemographic and PD-related variables, UPDRS III, HAM-D, HAM-A, MMSE, and the Apathy Evaluation Scale.Results: Depression (lifetime: 45.5%, last month: 25.5%, before PD: 20%) was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis. The major determinants of depression in the last month and depression before PD were early onset of PD and young age. Patients on pramipexole treatment were less likely to be diagnosed with depression in the last month. Other sociodemographic and PD-related variables were not significantly different for lifetime, last month, and pre-PD depression diagnosis compared to their counterparts. Conclusion:Depression is prevalent both before and after patient gets a PD diagnosis. Depression is not only the result of PD-related life changes but it is also a preceding factor that may decrease the age of PD onset.

Risk Factors of Major Depressive Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease

“…24,25,[27][28][29][30][31]38,40 It was to be found that the duration of PD symptoms was not related to depression, which supports the idea that depression might be a neuropathological process occurring concomitantly or before the degeneration of motor systems, which is similar with other study. 41 An interesting and surprising finding was that H-Y stage and disability was not associated with depression in multivariate logistic regression model but was significant in univariate analysis. Depression was higher in H-Y stages III and above.…”

“…3,[18][19][20] Depression also has an impact on motor deficits, disability, caregiver burden, economic strain, cognitive impairment and severity of medical illness. 21,22,38,40,41 It is likely that depression in PD is multifactorial which includes age, sex, disease severity, longer disease duration, a younger PD onset age, frequent fall, lower education level, smoking and regular use of non-aspirin bases NSAIDs or analgesics. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Whereas a recent study reported that PD patients with depression were associated with different demographic and clinical factors.…”

“…[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Whereas a recent study reported that PD patients with depression were associated with different demographic and clinical factors. [38][39][40][41] These findings emphasize the need to study the factors associated with depression in this population. It is well studied in western population but data from Asia especially sub-continent is limited.…”

Drug Choices and Advancements for Managing Depression in Parkinson's Disease

“…Depression is a frequent NMS in both early and advanced stages of PD [ 4 ] and may represent a pre-motor marker of the disease [ 5 ]. The occurrence of depression in PD is associated with increased risk of late-stage complications, such as dementia, falls, and caregiver distress [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Management and Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Chronic Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Approach

“…Studies suggested that depressive symptoms may precede the diagnosis of PD by 5 up to 20 years, and MDD has been associated with an increased risk of developing PD with an incidence of 23% (Chaudhuri et al, 2006;Pellicano et al, 2007;Postuma et al, 2012;Chen et al, 2013;Pont-Sunyer et al, 2015). Once PD is diagnosed, the annual rates of newly diagnosed MDD range from 1.86 to 10% (Aarsland et al, 2011;Marsh, 2013;Yapici Eser et al, 2017) and studies have shown that MDD tends to be persistent and worsens over time (Aarsland et al, 2011). Although the exact etiology is unknown, several hypotheses supporting the link between MDD and PD physiopathology have been proposed (Aarsland et al, 2011;Santiago et al, 2017).…”