Risk Factors of Major Depressive Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease

Khalil, Mohammad Ibrahim; Rahman, Ridwanur; Munira, Serajoom; Jahan, Mohmood uz

doi:10.3329/bmrcb.v44i1.36799

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Marital status has been addressed in various studies of PD-related MDD, without finding any association between this variable and the disease [3,21,22]. In our study, we encountered no association between the severity of the MDD and marital status.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…In a study realized by Kahlil et al ( 2018), similar findings were encountered. They found a male predominance of MDD in patients with PD (71.9%) [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is estimated that between 1 and 2% of the population in Mexico over the age of 60 suffers from PD [2], and the prevalence of the disease increases with age. The etiology of PD is currently unclear and no currently available treatment provides a cure [3]. In addition to classical motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rest tremor, or rigidity), the presence of non-motor features, such as hyposmia, sleep behavior disorder, cognitive impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, and psychiatric disturbances, are relevant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MDD is a major health problem in patients with PD. The predictors of MDD in PD are debatable and complex [3], although the prevalence of MDD in PD patients has been reported to be 20-35%, and the one-year incidence of minor MDD is 18%. It should also be mentioned that the prevalence and incidence of MDD in these patients vary depending on the diagnostic criteria [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is likely that MDD in PD is multifactorial, and the triggers include motor deficits, disability, the burden on caregivers, economic strain, cognitive impairment, and the severity of the medical illness. Therefore, there is a need to study diverse associated factors, such as age, sex, disease severity, longer disease duration, a younger PD onset age, frequent falls, lower educational level, and regular use of non-aspirin bases (NSAIDs) or analgesics [3]. Then, this disease would not be underdiagnosed and undertreated in clinical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturalistic Study of Depression Associated with Parkinson’s Disease in a National Public Neurological Referral Center in Mexico

et al. 2022

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major health problem in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. We described the clinical and sociodemographic factors of MDD among patients with PD at a national neurological referral center in Mexico. One hundred patients with PD + MDD were included in the study. All the patients were evaluated during the “ON” treatment phase of PD. Clinical scales for cognition (MMSE and MoCA) and MDD (MADRS) were applied. The mean age was 58.49 ± 11.02 years, and 57% of the sample was male. The most frequent symptom of PD was tremor (67%), and onset was more frequent on the right side (57%). Additionally, 49% of the patients with PD had moderate to severe (M/S) MDD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most frequent antidepressant treatment (69%). The scores of the scales were MADRS 21.33 ± 5.49, MoCA 21.06 ± 4.65, and MMSE 26.67 ± 1.20. The females had lower MMSE scores compared to the males (p = 0.043). The patients with M/S MDD had more rigidity at the beginning of PD (p = 0.005), fewer march alterations (p = 0.023), and a greater prevalence of left-side initial disease (p = 0.037). Rigidity was associated with M/S MDD (OR 3.75 p = 0.013). MDD was slightly more frequent in the males than in the females. The MDD symptoms and cognitive impairment were worse in the female population.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…In a study realized by Kahlil et al ( 2018), similar findings were encountered. They found a male predominance of MDD in patients with PD (71.9%) [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturalistic Study of Depression Associated with Parkinson’s Disease in a National Public Neurological Referral Center in Mexico

et al. 2022

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Socioeconomic Status and Depression – A Systematic Review

Jespersen,

Madden,

Whalley

et al. 2023

Preprint

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ObjectiveLow socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with an increased risk of depression and psychiatric disorders in general. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to provide an estimate of the risk of clinical depression associated with low SES across cultures, age groups and study designs. Finally, we tested whether associations between SES and depression differed by the income of the country in which the study was conducted.MethodsA literature search across five databases returned 7,943 studies. Title, abstract and full text screening resulted in 162 included studies of which 122 were meta-analysed, 22 were included in a cross-sectional narrative review and 19 studies were included in a longitudinal narrative review. Meta-analyses were divided into risk estimates for composite SES, income, education, and employment. Sensitivity analyses based on differences in economic situation in the country of study origin were performed to investigate a possible source of between study heterogeneity.ResultsLow SES was associated with an increased risk of depression across all measures of SES. Low income was associated with the highest odds ratio for depression (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.53-2.52). Sensitivity analyses revealed no significant differences in between-study heterogeneity or risk of depression between high- and low-income economy groups.ConclusionsComparable risks of depression across economy groups suggest that income relative to your peers, rather than absolute income, is a risk factor for depression. Preventative measures and possible policy interventions are discussed.Strengths and limitations of this studyThis systematic review provides the largest and most comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the association between socioeconomic status and depression.The included studies span a broad range of ages, cultures, and country economies, allowing for better generalisation of the results.The inclusion of component parts of socioeconomic status (income, education, and employment) in the meta-analysis allows for comparisons of the different risk estimates.The broad inclusion criteria are likely to allow for increased between-study heterogeneity.Due to the observational nature of the studies included it is difficult to make conclusions on the direction of causality between socioeconomic status and depression. However, the inclusion of a longitudinal narrative review may give an indication of a direction of causality.

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