“…2 Thus, an ideal root-end filling material must exhibit the following properties: biocompatibility with periapical tissues, 3,4 low cytotoxicity 5 and solubility, 6 appropriate marginal sealing, 7 bond strength to dentin, 8 and bioactivity. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has calcium silicate (66.1%), calcium silicate (8.4%), calcium aluminate (2.0%), bismuth oxide (14%), calcium oxide (8.0%), silicon oxide ) and aluminum oxide (1.0%), which was the first material to be formulated specifically as a root-end filling material, interacted with periapical fluids and induced formation of hydroxyapatite, 10 leading to the filling of dentin tubules, closure of gaps at the dentin/material interface, and apical sealing.…”