CURCUMINOID AND TOXICITY LEVELS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF JAVANESE GINGER (Curcuma xanthorriza) ON BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina) LARVAE AND ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) EMBRYOS

Abstract

Objective: This study was aimed at determining the levels of curcuminoids and analyzing the toxicity of ethanol extracts of Javanese ginger.Methods: Curcuminoid levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, while the toxicity tests were done on larva of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) by using a brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method and embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a zebrafish embryo acute toxicity (ZFET) method. Results:The level curcuminoid of ethanol extracts was 10.5% dry wt., consisting of curcumin at the highest percentage (68.06%) followed by desmethoxycurcumin (24.6%) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (1.41%). In BSLT method, the lethal concentration 50% values (LC 50 ) value of our ethanol extract was 238 ppm, whereas in ZFET method, the LC 50 value at 96 hours after fertilization was 80 ppm. The ethanol extract of ginger caused major malformations of the pericardial edema of zebrafish embryos at a concentration of 100 ppm. Conclusion:The ethanol extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza from Bogor contained curcuminoids consisting of curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, with acute toxicity, caused major malformations on the pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos.

The Combination of Propolis and Curcuma Zanthorrhiza as Anti-Breast Cancer Materials

“…The Curcuma zanthorrhiza ethanol extract tested on Artemia salina in this study produced an LC50 value of 45.08 μg / mL. These results differ greatly from the results of [14] which obtained LC50 of 238.23 μg / mL in extracts obtained by the same extraction method. LC50 of propolis extract on the results of [15] study was obtained at 16.010 μg / mL, whereas in this test the LC50 value was 40.67 μg / mL, this could be influenced by the state of the test and the different compounds in the extract used.…”

“…The extract tested was declared to have anticancer activity if the LC50 value of each extract was less than 1000 μg / mL [13] . Researcher [14] stated that the LC50 value of Curcuma zanthorrhiza ethanol extract was 238 μg / mL, while the LC50 value of propolis was reported in the [15] study (2016) which was 16,010 μg / ml. Researcher [7] stated that the IC50 value of ethylacetate propolis extract was 47.45 μg / mL, while the IC50 value of curcumin was reported in the study of [16] that is 35 μg / mL.…”

“…Curcuma zanthorrhiza extracted by maceration refers to the research of [14] . Curcuma zanthorrhiza powder as much as 100 g was extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent with a ratio of simplified powder: solvent (1:6) for 3 hours at 40-45ºC.…”

Zebrafish as a Successful Animal Model for Screening Toxicity of Medicinal Plants

“…An abnormally formed cardiovascular system can result in the unusual overall growth of the animal, severe malformations, and a malfunctioning body [ 8 ]. Additionally, when the heart is swollen due to the active compounds in the pericardial sac, cardiac cells become irritated [ 43 ]. The following method is used to measure a normalized cardiac rate [ 120 ]: …”

“…An alternative preliminary toxicity test is called the brine shrimp lethality test, which involves testing different toxicant concentrations. However, this technique does not reveal abnormalities or causes of death [ 43 ]. In contrast, using zebrafish as a screening model animal has some rational benefits, including large embryos, large numbers of embryos for testing, and simple visualization of organogenesis using fluorescence and transgenic strains [ 36 ].…”