The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used as an embryonic and larval model to perform in vitro experiments and developmental toxicity studies. Zebrafish may be used to determine the toxicity of samples in early screening assays, often in a high-throughput manner. The zebrafish embryotoxicity model is at the leading edge of toxicology research due to the short time required for analyses, transparency of embryos, short life cycle, high fertility, and genetic data similarity. Zebrafish toxicity studies range from assessing the toxicity of bioactive compounds or crude extracts from plants to determining the optimal process. Most of the studied extracts were polar, such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions, which were used to detect the toxicity and bioactivity. This review examines the latest research using zebrafish as a study model and highlights its power as a tool for detecting toxicity of medicinal plants and its effectiveness at enhancing the understanding of new drug generation. The goal of this review was to develop a link to ethnopharmacological zebrafish studies that can be used by other researchers to conduct future research.

vascular disease) affecting therapyial preliminary considerations of dental implant treatment. However, in case of HIV-positive patients, the dental implant failure rate would not increase due to affective factors (e.g., prophylactic antibiotic treatment, the administration of active antiretroviral therapy, and control of the CD 4+ T lymphocyte counts). Therefore, these patients have no clinical signs of mobility or infection in this treatment and much more attention should be paid to these patients and they should be treated with controlled oral surgical procedures.

A total of 9 plant extracts were tested, using two different kinds of extracting methods to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from Pilea microphylla (Urticaceae family) and including toxicity test. Antioxidant activity were tested by using DPPH free radical scavenging, also total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were determined. Toxicity assay carried out by using brine shrimps. Methanol extract of method I (ME I) showed the highest antioxidant activity at 69.51 ± 1.03. Chloroform extract of method I (CE I) showed the highest total phenolic contents at 72.10 ± 0.71 and chloroform extract of method II (CE II) showed the highest total flavonoid contents at 60.14 ± 0.33. The antimicrobial activity of Pilea microphylla extract was tested in vitro by using disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The Pilea microphylla extract showed antibacterial activity against some Gram negative and positive bacteria. The extracts did not exhibit antifungal and antiyeast activity. The hexane extract of method I (HE I) was not toxic against brine shrimp (LC50 value was 3880 μg/ml). Therefore, the extracts could be suitable as antimicrobial and antioxidative agents in food industry.

The present study includes an overview of the applications of clay-based nanocomposites from the past decade to date in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, water treatment, food packaging, electricity, automotive, and especially the production of chemical fertilizers with water retention and slow release. In the agricultural area, one of the promising materials that help green chemical engineering and green chemistry is slow-release fertilizer (SRF).Clay minerals and clay nanocomposites provide cost-effective and efficient material for this purpose. In this paper, the research and development of polymer nanocomposites based on clay in recent years with the focus on their application as novel fertilizers have been reviewed. Clay minerals are promising reinforcements to manufacture high-performance, lightweight, and low-cost nanocomposites because of their abundance, layered structure, low cost, and rich intercalation chemistry.

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Background Application of chemotherapeutics in cancer patients may provide an immunosuppressive milieu, favourable for parasitic infections. Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic intestinal parasite responsible for diarrhoea in humans worldwide. Methods The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of G. duodenalis and respective odds ratios (ORs) in cancer patients around the globe. Four online databases—PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar—were carefully explored for relevant literature without time limitation until 28 November 2020. Meta-analysis was done based on a random effects model to pool the estimations and define 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The overall weighted prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in cancer patients was calculated to be 6.9% (95% CI 0.5 to 9.3) globally, based on data from 32 studies. Although not statistically significant, eight case–control studies revealed that cancer patients were 1.24 times (95% CI 0.66 to 2.31; p=0.501) more exposed to G. duodenalis infection than healthy controls. Moreover, the prevalence of infection was not significantly associated with quantitative variables, including publication year (regression coefficient −0.0135, p=0.578), sample size (regression coefficient −0.0007, p=0.074) and human development index (regression coefficient −1.6263, p=0.419). Also, subgroup analysis of the pooled G. duodenalis infection was performed for publication year, World Health Organization regions, countries, continents, cancer types and country income. Conclusions Altogether, the epidemiology of G. duodenalis infection and its associated risk factors in immunocompromised individuals, especially cancer patients, is still open to question and deserves comprehensive investigations.

In this research, the 80S bioactive glass with different Ca/P ratios was prepared by the sol-gel route. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the apatite structure and shape. According to the results, the 78SiO2-17P2O5-5CaO bioglass showed a higher rate of crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) on its surface in comparison with the other bioglasses. After 3 days of immersion in the SBF solution, spherical apatite was formed on the 78SiO2-17P2O5-5CaO surface, which demonstrated high bioactivity. A statistically significant promotion in proliferation and differentiation of G292 osteoblastic cells was also observed. Regarding its optimal cell viability and bioactivity, the 78SiO2-17P2O5-5CaO bioactive glass could be offered as a promising candidate for bone tissue applications.

Introduction: The leaves of Senna alata from the Fabaceae family have been used in folk medicine for the cure of skin disease. In this study, we tested the extract and fractions on brine shrimp lethality test and antiproliferative activity on cancer and normal cell lines. Objective: In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of S. alata using brine shrimp test and two cell lines. Methods: The 80 % ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions were examined for possible cytotoxic effect using sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity assay towards breast cancer (MCF-7), normal (MCF10A) cell lines, and brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Results: The brine shrimp lethality bioassay exhibits no cytotoxicity even at high concentration (5 000 µg/mL). The LC50 for dichloromethane, chloroform, butanol, and aqueous were > 1 000 µg/mL (non-toxic). The IC50 for in vitro SRB cytotoxicity against MCF-7 for n-hexane was 0.013 µg/mL, which was considered highly toxic, while dichloromethane and chloroform recorded at 47.11 and 57.61 µg/mL, respectively after 72 hours exposure time although there was no cytotoxicity found on the normal cell line. Conclusion: This study shows that S. alata crude ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions potentially contain significant bioactive compounds that are safe from adverse effects, which proves the therapeutic application of S. alata in traditional remedy.