Crystallization and Characterization of RDX, HMX, and CL-20

Heijden, A.E.D.M. van der; Bouma, R.H.B.

doi:10.1021/cg049965a

Cited by 188 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[1][2][3] Owing to the cyclic or cage structure of nitramine, HMX offers several signicant advantages, such as high energy, density, burn rate, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure. The superior explosive performance of HMX, however, indicates poor sensitivity to impact, friction, shock waves, and electrical sparks etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of insensitive HMX/rGO/G composites via in situ reduction of graphene oxide

et al. 2017

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Composites of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane/reduced graphene oxide/graphite (HMX/rGO/G) were successfully prepared via an in situ chemical reduction coating method. The morphology, composition and thermal decomposition characteristic of the composites were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis (DTA). rGO together with G exhibited a better desensitizing effect than fullerene and carbon nanotubes. When 1.0 wt% GO and 1.0 wt% G were added as desensitizing materials, the impact sensitivity of raw HMX decreased from 100% to 8% and the friction sensitivity decreased from 100% to 0% after in situ chemical reduction coating. Meanwhile, DTA results indicated that rGO and G were compatible with HMX. These combined properties suggest that rGO sheets along with graphite can be utilized as co-desensitizers in HMX explosives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of insensitive HMX/rGO/G composites via in situ reduction of graphene oxide

et al. 2017

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“…However, as in other explosives, its physical properties are strongly related with internal factors such as crystallite particle size, crystal structure, dislocations, defects, and morphology Kunz 2000, 2001;Siviour et al 2004;Ter Horst et al 2001;Wang et al 2009). Properties can also be tailored by varying the external parameters such as temperature and supersaturation during growth of a crystal from the solution (Mezei et al 2007;van der Heijden and Bouma 2004). In addition, incorporation of impurities into the crystal can change the crystal habit, crystal growth, and morphology of PETN (Sangwal 1993;Sangwal 1996;Simon and Boistelle 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Zn doping on the sublimation rate of pentaerythritol tetranitrate using atomic force microscopy

Mridha

Weeks

2009

Scanning

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A series of Zn ion-doped pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) nanoislands in the form of thin films were prepared on Si substrates using spin coating. The effect of Zn concentrations on the sublimation energy was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The pure and Zn-doped nanoislands are imaged by AFM in contact mode at room temperature after annealing isothermally for a given time. The volume of the islands starts to decrease after annealing at 45 degrees C for pure PETN, whereas Zn-doped nanoislands start to decrease in height and volume after annealing at 55-58 degrees C. The minimum activation energy is found to be 29.7 Kcal/mol for 1,000 ppm Zn concentration. These studies are important for the long-term stabilization of PETN.

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“…In addition to refractive index matching optical microscopy, Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) was used to visualize microstructure in many materials, including molecular explosives [12,13]. In order to promote LSCM imaging of RDX solvent inclusions, Lissamine Rhodamine B dye was incorporated as a fluorophore into the recrystallization solvent prior to sonocrystallization using varied evaporation rates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonocrystallization as a tool for controlling crystalline explosivemorphology and inclusion content

Stoltz¹,

Mason²,

Roberts³

et al. 2012

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Several research groups have reported preparations of the explosive cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) that, when formulated into plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs), result in reduced shock sensitivities when compared to the standard formulations. We recently showed a correlation between shock sensitivity of formulated RDX and the void contents of the powders using Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). With this correlation in mind, we present a method for generating RDX crystals with controlled particle size and morphology using ultrasonic agitation and slow evaporation rates.

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Crystallization and Characterization of RDX, HMX, and CL-20

Cited by 188 publications

References 18 publications

Preparation and characterization of insensitive HMX/rGO/G composites via in situ reduction of graphene oxide

Preparation and characterization of insensitive HMX/rGO/G composites via in situ reduction of graphene oxide

Effect of Zn doping on the sublimation rate of pentaerythritol tetranitrate using atomic force microscopy

Sonocrystallization as a tool for controlling crystalline explosivemorphology and inclusion content

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