Effect of Zn doping on the sublimation rate of pentaerythritol tetranitrate using atomic force microscopy

Mridha, S.; Weeks, Brandon L.

doi:10.1002/sca.20158

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…As shown in Figure , a plot of the log of the rate of mass loss, at different temperatures, versus 1/ T yields a straight line, from which the activation energy of sublimation was calculated to be 134.4 ± 4 kJ/mol. This is in excellent agreement with the reported values for single crystals of PETN ( E a = 134.5 kJ/mol) and microcrystals of PETN ( E a = 127.5 and 137.5 kJ/mol) ,, using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy AFM, respectively. The values of the sublimation rates of PETN calculated using UV-absorbance spectroscopy are two times larger than those calculated in the nanometer scale using TGA .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Simple Method for Determining the Vapor Pressure of Materials Using UV-Absorbance Spectroscopy

2011

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Accurate thermodynamic parameters of thin films of materials are crucial in understanding their behavior in the nanometer scale. A new and simple method for determining the vapor pressure and thermodynamic properties of nanometer thick films of materials was developed based on UV-absorbance spectroscopy. Well-characterized benzoic acid was used to calibrate the spectrometer and the experimental conditions. The thermodynamic properties of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were determined to validate the use of this new method. The estimated values of the thermodynamic parameters of PETN are in excellent agreement with the values reported using the most widely used Knudsen effusion method for determining vapor pressure lower than 1 pascal. The elegance of this method is its simplicity. The results indicate that UV-absorbance spectroscopy is a model-free and powerful technique in determining thermodynamic parameters in the nanoscale.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Simple Method for Determining the Vapor Pressure of Materials Using UV-Absorbance Spectroscopy

2011

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“…The former are irregularly shaped crystalline particles that range in size from 0.5 to 10 μm and have a mean diameter of d m = 1.74 ± 0.11 μm (Figure b,d). They are similar to the ones obtained previously by spin coating on the silicon surface . Some islands are connected by solid “fingers,” smooth flat elongated platelets with a height of about 100–200 nm.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Prior research has linked the PETN crystal coarsening, the height, and the volume increase primarily to the phenomenon of the PETN surface mobility at low temperature and recrystallization. − Therefore, based on these reports, we may suggest that in this work, we had observed in fact two processes occurring simultaneously  sublimation and recrystallization  where the smaller and less stable particles evaporate and then recrystallize to form larger and more stable crystals. It is also possible that when temperature rises, PETN particles become more mobile and promote clusters to form agglomerates, which contribute to the volume increase prior to the sublimation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Successful application of AFM for sublimation measurements has been already demonstrated with single crystals and thin films of common explosives, i.e., pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and trinitrotoluene (TNT). − For instance, in the pioneer work by Burnham et al, the surface rearrangement and evaporation were detected on the surface of the single PETN crystal at 30 °C, and the measured evaporation rates appeared to be 400 times greater than the one extrapolated from the TGA tests at the same temperature . Around that time, both Pitchimani et al and Mridha et al examined the processes of pure and doped PETN film evaporation and low-temperature coarsening of PETN nanoislands. , Sublimation accompanied by the coarsening effect was also reported for nanoscale TNT islands at 15–25 °C . The activation energies of evaporation calculated for single crystals and nanoislands were mostly consistent with the values previously obtained by TGA at higher temperatures, which confirmed AFM to be a reliable method for the investigation of evaporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can the Sublimation Enthalpy Be Obtained Using Atomic Force Microscopy with Heating? A PETN Nanofilm Case

et al. 2023

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Vaporization is an important aspect of the performance and detection of energetic materials. While the traditional techniques concentrate on bulk property changes during sublimation, atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers the possibility to track particle volume changes under heating. Ideally, this will enable the investigation of chemicals that are challenging to study using conventional vaporization analysis methods, i.e., those having low thermal stability and/or low volatility. However, prior studies have demonstrated that novel structural effects at the nanoscale may interfere with sublimation mass loss. The present work aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of the sublimation of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) thin films with respect to the measurement parameters, the heating technique, the sample composition, and the type of the substrate. We observed the low-temperature recrystallization of thin-film islands during heating together with the sublimation process; this was demonstrated by the unexpected local increase in volume with temperature. Overall, AFM allows us to set up a precise nanoscale vaporization experiment and, in some instances, to obtain a reliable estimate of the sublimation enthalpy. However, it is crucial to consider the sample's morphology as well as any concurrent structural transformations in order to ensure the validity of the results.

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“…Mridha et al. conducted a more detailed study on thermal stability of PETN doped with Zinc ions 17. They reported that presence of Zinc ions changed the thermodynamic and kinetic properties in PETN showing improved stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sublimation Properties of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Single Crystals Doped with Its Homologs

Bhattacharia

Maiti

Gee

et al. 2012

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is a secondary explosive used extensively in military and commercial applications. Coarsening of PETN during long‐term storage changes the physical properties such as surface area and particle morphology which are important factors in initiation and performance. Doping of impurities was proposed to slow the coarsening process since impurities were shown to modify both the kinetic and thermodynamic properties. In this paper, we discuss how doping of PETN with its homologs of dipentaerythritol hexanitrate (diPEHN) and tripentaerytritol octanitrate (triPEON) affect kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Pure and homolog doped PETN single crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation in acetone at room temperature. Doping concentrations for this study were 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm, and 10000 ppm. Activation energy and vapor pressure of pure and doped PETN single crystals were obtained from thermogravimetric analysis data.

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Effect of Zn doping on the sublimation rate of pentaerythritol tetranitrate using atomic force microscopy

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Simple Method for Determining the Vapor Pressure of Materials Using UV-Absorbance Spectroscopy

Simple Method for Determining the Vapor Pressure of Materials Using UV-Absorbance Spectroscopy

Can the Sublimation Enthalpy Be Obtained Using Atomic Force Microscopy with Heating? A PETN Nanofilm Case

Sublimation Properties of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Single Crystals Doped with Its Homologs

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