Criminal Career Research: Its Value for Criminology*

Blumstein, Alfred; Cohen, Jacqueline; Farrington, David P.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00829.x

Cited by 522 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, it could also be that, as the series become longer, offenders are modifying their offending which results in the patterns observed. In line with a more traditional view of criminal career (Blumstein, Cohen, & Farrington, 1988) crime. This result is also consistent with the learning process hypothesis suggesting that most offenders learn from their past experiences and will try something different (i.e., committing a crime in a different way, at a different place) after the first few offenses in order to determine what strategy works best for successfully achieving their goal (e.g., Cusson, 1993;Rossmo, 2000;Sorochinski & Salfati, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Consistency in crime site selection: An investigation of crime sites used by serial sex offenders across crime series

Deslauriers‐Varin¹,

Beauregard²

2014

Journal of Criminal Justice

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Purpose: Knowing sites used by serial sex offenders to commit their crimes is highly beneficial for criminal investigations. However, environmental choices of serial sex offenders remain unclear to this date. Considering the challenges these offenders pose to law enforcement, the study aims to identify sites serial sex offenders use to encounter and release their victims and investigate their stability across crime series. Methods: The study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to identify victim encounter and release sites used by 72 serial sex offenders having committed 361 sex offenses. Additional LCA are performed to investigate the stability of these offense environments across offenders' crime series. Results: Distinct profiles of crime sites that are recurrent across crime series are found, suggesting that serial sex offenders present a limited diversity of victim encounter and victim release sites. Encounter sites representative of longer crime series are also identified. Specifically, the use of sites known to "attract" potential victims decreases over series and offenders become more risk-taking in regard of sites used to encounter their victims. Conclusions: The study identifies patterns of site-selection for the victim encounter and release in cases of serial crimes. Implications for crime linkage and police investigations strategies are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Consistency in crime site selection: An investigation of crime sites used by serial sex offenders across crime series

Deslauriers‐Varin¹,

Beauregard²

2014

Journal of Criminal Justice

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“…American criminals, like foreign terrorists, were seen by incapacitation theory as "intractable and insusceptible to change" ( [11], p. 15). The rationale for incapacitation through imprisonment was that crimes that would otherwise be committed could be prevented if these offenders could be removed from the population.…”

Section: Mass Incapacitation and American Criminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Militarization of Mass Incapacitation and Torture during the Sunni Insurgency and American Occupation of Iraq

Hagan

Hanson

2016

Social Sciences

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While scholars and journalists have focused important attention on the recent militarization of intensive policing and imprisonment policies in the United States, there is little reciprocal recognition of how militarized versions of these policies were also exported for use in the occupation of Iraq. Intensive policing and imprisonment enabled the American-led and Shia-dominated Iraq Ministries of Defense and Interior along with U.S. forces to play significant roles in the ethnic cleansing and displacement of Arab Sunnis from Baghdad neighborhoods, and in their disproportionate detention in military-and militia-operated facilities, of which the Abu Ghraib prison is only the best known. The failure of American authorities alone and working with Iraq's government to intervene in stopping the use of police and prisons as places of torture is a violation of U.N.-invoked and U.S.-ratified treaties, and thereby subject to prosecution. Such prosecutions have imported into international law the concept of "joint criminal enterprise" anticipated by the criminologist Donald Cressey and incorporated in the American Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statutes used to convict organized criminals. We elaborate how the concept of joint criminal enterprise can be used to understand and possibly prosecute a chain of command responsibility for the use of policing and prisons as sites of torture in Iraq. We analyze the previously neglected international consequences of U.S. policing, prison, and mass incapacitation strategies with links to American criminology.Keywords: crime; violence; population; war "The message is becoming loud and clear: criminal organizations should be dealt with as organizations, not merely as collections of individual criminals, and any 'attack' on them must deal with organizational structures and the social contexts in which the structures thrive." Donald Cressey [1]

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“…Bernard and Ritti (1991) as well as Andersson (1993) based their calculations of selective policy effects on a classification with a limit of two convictions (or arrests or institutionalizations in case of Bernard and Ritti). The international criminological literature generally uses five contacts with police or judicial authorities to define the frequent offender (Barnett and Lofaso 1985;Blumstein et al 1988;Kempf-Leonard et al 2001). Since our study pertains to Dutch data, and we want to stay close to the policy measures recently introduced in the Netherlands, we use 3, 5 or 10 prior convictions for selection into the selective treatment and standard prison terms of 2, 5, 10, 20 years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios

Blokland

Nieuwbeerta

2007

J Quant Criminol

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A small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate share of total crime. Policy makers have been seeking to reduce crime more efficiently by targeting corrections at these frequent offenders. Thus far, both macro-and micro-level research have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of these kinds of selective policies. The current study uses data from the Netherlands Criminal Career and Life-course Study to estimate the incapacitative effects of alternative selective prison policies. Using the rolling cohorts method, implementations of various penal scenarios differing in selection rate, sentence disparity and selective accuracy are simulated. Results show that it is hard for selective policies to yield a positive societal result: costs of imprisonment typically exceed benefits gained from crimes prevented.

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Criminal Career Research: Its Value for Criminology*

Cited by 522 publications

References 11 publications

Consistency in crime site selection: An investigation of crime sites used by serial sex offenders across crime series

Consistency in crime site selection: An investigation of crime sites used by serial sex offenders across crime series

The Militarization of Mass Incapacitation and Torture during the Sunni Insurgency and American Occupation of Iraq

Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios

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