Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits

Abstract

Cottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing parameters that reduce the edible nature of the cottonseed. In the present work, multiple quadratic regression models have been prepared to predict the reduction in the free and total gossypol percent. This response surface method (RSM)-based approach was applied to investigate the combined effect between input parameters such as acetone level, time of extraction, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and the number of extraction cycles, whereas output responses are free and total gossypol reduction percentage. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the highly significant parameter. The optimum combination of input parameters was determined using the RSM-based desirability approach, and confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the combination. Results revealed that the number of extraction cycles and liquid-to-solid ratio significantly affects the reduction of free and total gossypol levels. The values of r-square were found above 0.9, which indicates that the developed models are suitable and reliable for predicting free and total gossypol reduction percentage.

Sustainable Isolation of Bioactive Compounds and Proteins from Plant-Based Food (and Byproducts)

“…The conventional techniques for protein isolation can be used with a larger range of plants, such as oilseeds, agro-residues, cereals, and pulses, but they have significant drawbacks (expensive, unsustainable) [ 128 ]. It has been discovered that pulsed electric field extraction is a method for isolating recombinant enzymes from microorganisms in their natural conformation while maintaining a high level of the specific activity.…”

Utilizing Nutritional and Polyphenolic Compounds in Underutilized Plant Seeds for Health Application

“…Cottonseed meal is often utilized in cattle feed; however, its usage in human nutrition is limited because of the presence of gossypol as a limiting factor, understood to be toxic to monogastric animals. Despite this, numerous solutions have been explored to detoxify cottonseed so that other essential nutrients from cottonseed such as protein, essential fatty acids, and antioxidants, among others, can be utilized to their full potential [ 100 , 101 ]. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization, the acceptable levels of gossypol in cottonseed products are 450–600 ppm (free gossypol) and 12,000 ppm (total gossypol) [ 102 ].…”

“…Cottonseed flour can be detoxified from free gossypol and total gossypol up to 99.3% and 89.2%, respectively. As a result, cottonseed flour now can be widely utilized as a protein-rich food ingredient (e.g., incorporated in baked goods, pasta, and protein bars) for human consumption especially in nations where the severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) problem needs to be tackled [ 100 ].…”

Stable Europium(III) Metal–Organic Framework Fluorescence Probe for Intelligent Visualization Detection of Gossypol and Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Real Samples

“…The Chinese Ministry of Health has proposed that the content of free gossypol should be less than 200 ppm in edible cottonseed oil . Therefore, the establishment of a rapid and sensitive method to detect Gsp is significant in the field of human health . Besides, antibiotics are a class of drugs commonly used in animal husbandry, agriculture, and medicine. − Among them, nitrofurazone (NFZ) and nitrofurantoin (NFT) are drugs used for the treatment of bacterial infections.…”