Cortisol Impacted on Explicit Learning Encoding, but Not on Storage and Retrieval, and Was Not Associated With Sleep Patterns—Results From the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) Among 9-Years Old Children

Abstract

Background: Learning is the relatively permanent change of behavior as a result of experience and tightly related to memory and cognition. Learning is particularly important for children. Further, restoring sleep is associated both with improved learning performance and lower cortisol levels as a proxy of the so-called hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity (HPA-AA). With the present study, we investigated, if and to what extent explicit learning performance was associated with cortisol levels at baseline and under challenge conditions and with objective sleep dimensions among 9-years old children.Methods: A total of 39 children (mean age = 9.5 years; 39% females) took part in the study. Verbal and figural working and long-term memory were tested before and after the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Further, children underwent sleep-EEG assessment, and cortisol awakening response (CAR) was assessed.Results: Higher cortisol levels were associated with lower explicit learning encoding (verbal, but not figural learning). Higher verbal and figural working and long-term memory performance predicted lower cortisol secretion under the TSST-C, along with higher verbal and figural working and long-term memory performance after the TSST-C. Cognitive test performances were not mediated by cortisol secretion under the TSST-C. Cognitive performance, cortisol secretion under challenge (TSST-C) and basal conditions (morning) and sleep patterns were unrelated.Conclusions: The pattern of results suggests that among a sample of 9-years old children cortisol secretion and stages of memory processes (encoding, storage, retrieval) are associated in a complex and bi-directional way. Further, it appears that cognitive-emotional processes underlying cognitive performance and its evaluation might impact on subsequent cortisol secretion as a proxy of neuroendocrinological response to cognitive-emotional processes. Last, cognitive performance and cortisol secretion under challenge conditions were not related to objective sleep patterns and baseline cortisol secretion.

Associations Between Morning Salivary and Blood Cortisol Concentrations in Individuals With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

“…The physiological system known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA A) plays an important role in coping with acute and chronic psychophysiological demands ( 18 ). The key outcome of HPA A is cortisol, the major human glucocorticoid, assessed either in blood, urine, hair, or saliva ( 19 ). Briefly, HPA A activity (HPA AA) enables the organism to adapt quickly to stressors.…”

“…From methodological and physiological points of view, saliva morning cortisol is an easy and non-invasive means of assessing HPA AA (cortisol awakening response (CAR) ( 31 ). Furthermore, HPA AA can be challenged either pharmacologically with the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH-test ( 18 , 20 , 21 ): or non-pharmacologically with the Trier Social Stress Test ( 19 , 32 , 33 ).…”

“…The key outcome of HPA A is cortisol, the major human glucocorticoid, assessed either in blood, urine, hair, or saliva (19). Briefly, HPA A activity (HPA AA) enables the organism to adapt quickly to stressors.…”

Does daytime sleepiness alter visual memory in schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 at different times during the school semester?

“…This may be due to the difficulty of maintaining attention due to interference from internal or external factors such as stress. One study evaluated memory coding in a simulated stress situation (Brand et al, 2018). The children had to tell a story to a jury using a microphone, before or after the memory tests.…”

“…The children had to tell a story to a jury using a microphone, before or after the memory tests. It was noticed that the stress situation before or after the application of the tests led children to decrease verbal and visual performance in delayed memory (Brand et al, 2018).…”