A biocomposite scaffold was developed
using chitosan (CS) and bovine-derived
hydroxyapatite (BHA). The prepared CS–BHA biocomposite scaffold
was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties
and compared against control BHA scaffolds to evaluate the effects
of CS. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the elemental composition
of the CS–BHA scaffold, which presented peaks for C and O from
CS and Ca and P along with trace elements in the bovine bone such
as Na, Mg, and Cl. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed
the presence of phosphate, hydroxyl, carbonate, and amide functional
groups attributed to the CS and BHA present in the biocomposite scaffolds.
The CS–BHA scaffolds demonstrated an interconnected porous
structure with pore sizes ranging from 60 to 600 μm and a total
porosity of ∼64–75%, as revealed by scanning electron
microscopy and micro-CT analyses, respectively. Furthermore, thermogravimetric
analysis revealed that the CS–BHA scaffold lost 70% of its
weight when heated up to 1000 °C, which is characteristic of
CS phase decomposition in the biocomposite.
In vitro
studies demonstrated that the CS–BHA scaffolds were biocompatible
toward Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells, showing high cell viability and
a significant increase in cell proliferation across the measured timepoints
compared to the controls.