Contribution of Traditional Agroforestry to Climate Change Adaptation in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Chakra System

Torres, Bolier; Maza, Oswaldo Jadán; Aguirre, Patricia; Hinojosa, Leonith

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40455-9_102-1

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The chakra is a particular, indigenous agroforestry system of the western Amazon that satisfies nutritional, medicinal and spiritual requirements for local indigenous populations (Whitten & Whitten 2008;Torres et al 2015). Chakras are passively managed and provide food security for local populations while minimizing labor requirements related to maintenance and soil amendments.…”

Section: Amazonian Chakrasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For most of the interviewees, guayusa is a viable and welcomed alternative crop in the chakra systems, particularly compared to coffee and cocoa. Research on agroforestry in other parts of the Amazon has shown that this is an important and beneficial strategy to cope with external pressures and changing prices, while also buffering against unexpected risks, increasing the resilience of the agroforestry systems (Porro et al 2012;Dawson et al 2014;Torres et al 2015). However, from an ecological and food security perspective, a diversity of plants in the chakras must be maintained.…”

Section: Market Expansion and Certificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energizing agroforestry: Ilex guayusa as an additional commodity to diversify Amazonian agroforestry systems

Krause

Ness

2017

International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Servic

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Guayusa (Ilex guayusa) is a native tree of the western Amazon region grown by indigenous farmers in traditional agroforestry systems. Its leaves are used as a drink similar to tea, which is now commercialized and marketed outside of the Amazon. To assess the impacts from the early stages of commercial guayusa production, we conducted interviews in four commercial guayusa-producing communities with indigenous guayusa farmers in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We focus on their experiences and critically discuss and speculate about the socio-ecological implications of the expanding commercialization of guayusa, particularly in relation to propositions of this special issue. Results reveal that revenues from guayusa have not overtaken those from other cash crops. Commercializing guayusa can have benefits for farmers and the environment, provided that rigorous criteria that measure social and environmental impacts are adhered to. Furthermore, guaysa production is characterized by vertical integration where many individual farmers supply one processing and wholesale company in a short value chain fostering a locally tailored certification approach that is able to exert the continuation of the traditional agroforestry practices. Yet, sustainability initiatives, standards and certification only provide partial solutions for protecting ecosystem services in the Ecuadorian Amazon.ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Amazonian Chakrasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Market Expansion and Certificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energizing agroforestry: Ilex guayusa as an additional commodity to diversify Amazonian agroforestry systems

Krause

Ness

2017

International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Servic

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“…food and shelter for wildlife. In the Monoculture, intensification results in few remnant trees in the plots, lowering biodiversity and reducing ecological functions and potential provision of ecosystem services when compared with Cocoa AFS and PF (Ramirez et al, 2001;Torres et al, 2014) . Our results confirm that species composition differs significantly between primary forest and cocoa systems, which coincides with findings from a study in Costa Rica (Deheuvels et al, 2014).…”

Section: Management Aspects Of Cocoa Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, considering C offsets only does not take into account additional environmental benefits provided by cocoa AFS in terms of adaptation to climate change, food security for local residents (Torres et al, 2014) and the provision of other ecosystem services. A broader economic valuation of the extra benefits of traditional and conventional systems would be necessary to reach a conclusion about the financial feasibility of promoting compensation schemes for environmental services in these systems.…”

Section: Potential Payments For Carbon Sequestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Tree Cover on Diversity, Carbon Sequestration and Productivity of Cocoa Systems in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Jadán¹,

Cifuentes²,

Torres³

et al. 2015

Bois for. trop.

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Influence of tree cover on diversity, carbon sequestration and productivity of cocoa systems in the Ecuadorian AmazonB o i s e t f o r ê t s d e s t r o p i q u e s , 2 0 1 5 , n° 3 2 5 ( 3 ) diversité, stoCK de CArBone et produCtivité des CACAoYÈres 35 B o i s e t f o r ê t s d e s t r o p i q u e s , 2 0 1 5 , n° 3 2 5 ( 3 ) diVersitY, CArBon stoCK And CoCoA sYsteMs produCtiVitY 36 RÉSUMÉ INFLUENCE DU COUVERT FORESTIER SUR LA DIVERSITÉ, LES STOCKS DE CARBONE ET LA PRODUCTIVITÉ DES CACAOYÈRES DANS LA RÉGION AMAZONIENNE DE L'ÉQUATEURLa production de cacao dans la région amazonienne de l'Équateur représente une source de revenus importante pour la population locale. Les systèmes de production de cacao varient entre forêt primaire enrichie, systèmes agroforestiers traditionnels et monoculture. Cette étude vise à évaluer la relation entre diversité spécifique, stocks de carbone, productivité agricole et utilisations potentielles des ressources forestières pour trois modes d'utilisation des terres dans la région amazonienne de l'Équateur : agroforesterie à dominante cacaoyère (AF Cacao), monoculture de cacao (Monoculture) et forêt primaire (FP). La connaissance et la quantification des meilleurs compromis entre les différents services écosystémiques liés à la culture du cacao permettent de contribuer à la conservation des forêts primaires et d'optimiser les revenus des populations locales. La richesse spécifique, la diversité bêta, les stocks de carbone (biomasse aérienne et souterraine, nécromasse et sols) et la production de cacao et de bois ont été déterminés pour chaque système de culture sur des parcelles de 1 600 m 2 (n = 28). Nos résultats montrent que la diversité bêta, la richesse spécifique et les stocks de carbone sont significativement plus élevés dans les systèmes FP et AF Cacao, tandis que la production du cacao est 1,5 fois plus élevée en Monoculture que sur les parcelles en AF Cacao. Pour ces deux systèmes, la richesse spécifique, la diversité bêta et les stocks de carbone totaux sont corrélés négativement avec la productivité de cacao. Alors que nos résultats montrent que la monoculture de cacao est plus rentable pour les agriculteurs que l'AF Cacao, un système de rémunération monétaire de la déforestation évitée, basé sur les crédits carbone, pourrait représenter une stratégie viable pour encourager la mise en oeuvre de systèmes AF Cacao, lesquels contribueraient aux efforts de conservation et d'atténuation des effets du changement climatique tout en permettant de maintenir une production commerciale de cacao dans la région.Mots-clés : cacao, systèmes agroforestiers, forêts primaires, Chakra, monoculture, Sumaco, carbone. ABSTRACT INFLUENCE OF TREE COVER ON DIVERSITY, CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF COCOA SYSTEMS IN THE ECUADORIAN AMAZONCocoa production in the Ecuadorian Amazon is an important source of income for the local population. There is a wide variety of cocoa production systems, from enriched primary forests to traditional agroforestry systems and monoculture. This study assesses ...

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“…La chacra, proveniente del quechua chakra, hace referencia a una parcela agrícola tradicional de dimensiones relativamente pequeñas dedicada a la producción de alimentos (Laime-Ajacopa et al 2007) y representa un sistema tradicional de producción agrícola en la región andina, el cual combina diferentes tipos de cultivos para hacer más eficiente el uso de recursos (i.e. agua, nutrientes, luz solar) en el área destinada a la siembra (Torres et al 2015). Los traspatios pueden considerarse como sistemas tradicionales de producción agrícola donde interactúa una elevada diversidad de animales y plantas al lado de edificaciones humanas, y cuya producción suele estar vinculada al autoconsumo (Mariaca-Méndez 2017).…”

Section: Materiales Y Métodosunclassified

Variedades locales y criterios de selección de especies domesticadas del género Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) en los Andes Centrales del Perú: Tomayquichua, Huánuco

et al. 2020

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Antecedentes: Es importante entender las prácticas agrícolas y los criterios de selección que moldean la diversidad de variedades locales en plantas domesticadas. La región andina comparte con la región mesoamericana y Norteamérica los centros de origen de las cinco especies domesticadas de Cucurbita. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre diversidad biológica de estas especies son escasos en Perú en comparación con México. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las variedades locales de Cucurbita que reconocen, promueven y conservan los agricultores en el Distrito de Tomayquichua? ¿Qué mecanismos promueven la diversidad de estas variedades? Especies estudiadas: Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. Sitio y año de estudio: Tomayquichua, Huánuco, Perú (junio de 2018 y 2019). Métodos: Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 29 familias de agricultores y comerciantes para evaluar la diversidad de variedades locales y las prácticas de manejo de las especies del género Cucurbita. Resultados: C. ficifolia es la cucurbitácea más diversa en Tomayquichua (13 variedades) seguido de C. moschata (10 variedades), las cuales se siembran en chacras y traspatios. Se reportan siete variedades de C. maxima, con el uso predominante de una variedad comercial en cultivos intensivos. Conclusión: Las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales parecen mantener la diversidad local de C. ficifolia y C. moschata. Las variedades locales de C. maxima en Tomayquichua parecen ser desplazadas progresivamente por una variedad mejorada destinada a aumentar la producción mediante prácticas agrícolas intensivas. La alta diversidad biológica de C. ficifolia en Perú sugiere un origen andino, pero se requieren estudios genéticos adicionales para aclararlo.

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Contribution of Traditional Agroforestry to Climate Change Adaptation in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Chakra System

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Energizing agroforestry: Ilex guayusa as an additional commodity to diversify Amazonian agroforestry systems

Energizing agroforestry: Ilex guayusa as an additional commodity to diversify Amazonian agroforestry systems

Influence of Tree Cover on Diversity, Carbon Sequestration and Productivity of Cocoa Systems in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Variedades locales y criterios de selección de especies domesticadas del género Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) en los Andes Centrales del Perú: Tomayquichua, Huánuco

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