Comparative study of qualitative and quantitative methods to determine toxicity level of Aspergillus flavus isolates in maize

Shekhar, Meena; Singh, Nirupma; Dutta, Ram; Kumar, Santosh; Mahajan, Vinay

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189760

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Yearly estimates suggest that in South Africa and the Sahara, 26,000 deaths are associated with chronic aflatoxin exposure. This contamination is a serious food security problem worldwide (Rasooly et al, 2016;Shekhar et al, 2017). In India, Aspergillus flavus was detected on 83.33% of corn kernels (Shekhar et al, 2017), while herein, 72% of the samples were positive for aflatoxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Microbiological study of vinaigrette salad sold at pasty stalls in street markets in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Mendes

Oliveira

Gois

et al. 2021

RSD

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Foodborne diseases (FBD) present high prevalence worldwide and more than 250 types have been reported. The main agents are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and certain parasites. The habit of consuming foods sold in street markets in the city of São Paulo exposes consumers to the risk of acquiring FBD. 25 samples of vinaigrette salad were collected in the central, northern, southern, eastern and western regions of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were inoculated in selective, enriched culture media and biochemical analyses were performed. Bacterial and fungal growth occurred in all samples. The microorganisms detected were E. coli (64%), Enterobacter (60%), S. aureus (52%), Klebsiella (40%), Proteus sp. (32%), Shigella sp. (28%), Citrobacter sp. (16%), Edwardsiella sp. (12%), Alcaligenes sp. (8%), Serratia sp. (8%), Salmonella sp. (4%), Pseudomonas sp. (4%) and; 72% were positive for aflatoxins. Twelve species were identified, 50% of which can cause FBD. S. aureus and fecal coliforms can cause FBD, while Alcaligenes sp. can cause nosocomial infections and Edwardsiella sp. can cause hepatic abscess, meningitis and septicemia. Aflatoxins may cause mycotoxicoses and liver cancer. Therefore, inspections, and prevention and awareness measures should be reinforced to minimize the risks of contracting FBD from foods sold in street markets in the city of São Paulo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Microbiological study of vinaigrette salad sold at pasty stalls in street markets in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Mendes

Oliveira

Gois

et al. 2021

RSD

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“…The ammonia vapor test is simple, low-cost, accurate, and time-saving. The method that can be used to segregate or pre-screen contaminated samples from staple food or feedstocks ( Shekhar et al, 2017 ). The ammonia vapor and yellow pigmentation have been color reaction is attributed only to intermediate anthraquinone metabolites such as norsolonic acid and other unique aflatoxin-related chemicals ( Shier et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular profile of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus isolated from stored maize

El-Aziz

Shehata

Hisham

et al. 2021

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Maize is a significant staple crop and utilized in Saudi Arabia as food and feed, but maize is often infected with Aspergillus flavus in tropical and subtropical climates, especially during storage. This study intended at a polyphasic approach, consisting of microscopic morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterizations that were applied to 29 of A. flavus isolates of stored maize, with the goal of characterization and identification of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates. The technique of real-time PCR (RTi-PCR) was used to detection of A. flavus in stored maize samples, the findings have been very accurate. Centered on macroscopic morphological (primarily colony color and morphology of conidia) and microscopic (morphology of conidia and size) characteristics. Results have shown 23 A. flavus isolates (80%) were categorized as the dark green of colonies also all isolates were rough conidia. The isolates have been two different groups, 16 isolates (62%) had sclerotium-forming and the remaining 13 isolates (38%) had no sclerotium-forming isolates. To the identification of aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in stored maize, we utilized the qualitative methods (easy and inexpensive) like UV test, yellow pigmentation, and ammonia vapor and quantitative method as HPLC (accurate and expensive). the accuracy methods to the identification aflatoxigenicity isolates, vary, and classified in the following descending order: HPLC (100%) > UV method (81%) > yellow pigmentation (YP) and ammonia vapor (AV) (63%). The profile of Aflatoxigenicity of A. flavus isolates by HPLC has been involved in two types first of 11 isolates (38%) have been aflatoxigenic isolates while 18 isolates (62%) were non-aflatoxigenic isolates. The expression of six aflatoxins (AFs) genes ( aflD , aflM , aflO , aflP , aflR , and aflQ ) was estimated using PCR and RT-PCR. PCR of all genes did not correspond to the aflatoxigenic isolates. The transcriptional analysis of aflO and aflQ was a beneficial marker for discriminating aflatoxigenic from non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Also, qRT-PCR indicated that non-aflatoxigenic isolates had a high incidence of defect or downregulation in late AF-genes contrast with early AF-genes. therefore, these non-aflatoxigenic isolates could be critical factors for an efficient and competent strategy for the control of aflatoxin contamination pre-harvest can be considered.

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“…For the determination of mycotoxigenic potential of the fungi isolates, a specific culture media Yeast Extract Agar (YEA)wasused by sub-culturing therepresentative fungal colonies of the isolates from PDA over YEA and incubated at room temperature for 7 days (Shekhar et al, 2017).…”

Section: Mycotoxigenic Potential Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrated solution of ammonium hydroxide (1-2 drops) were dropped over the surface of A. flavus grown on YEA and left for 10-15 minutes.The appearance of pink or redcolor in the culture medium showed the production of mycotoxin (Shekhar et al, 2017).…”

Section: Ammonia Vapor Test For Mycotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed of Balochistan Pakistan

Majeed

Akbar

Shafee

et al. 2021

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites of fungi, commonly associated to agriculture commodities. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Claviceps genera are the most common mycotoxigenic fungi and the most important types of mycotoxin are Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, Ochratoxin, Fumonisins and Trichothecenes Mycotoxins can be carcinogenic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, estrogenic and immunosuppressant. This study was conducted to examine the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in poultry feed used by the poultry farmers of Balochistan. Samples (n=100) were analyzed and found contaminated with fungi such as Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus and Fusarium genera, amongst them Aspergillus species was observed highly prevalent (89%). Aflatoxin production in culture plates were initially screened with the help of ammonia hydroxide vapor test, and subsequently analyzed with the help of AgraStrip®. The Aflatoxins (77%) and Fumonisins (92%) were found in direct examination of feed samples. Toxins presence was also confirmed with the help of ELISA using AgraQuant® kits. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used for characterization and quantification of aflatoxins. It was concluded that the feed samples were abundantly contaminated with aflatoxins and fumonisins and the fungi responsible for their production. This contaminated feed is one of the reasons for economic lossesfor poultry farmers of the region.

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Comparative study of qualitative and quantitative methods to determine toxicity level of Aspergillus flavus isolates in maize

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Microbiological study of vinaigrette salad sold at pasty stalls in street markets in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Microbiological study of vinaigrette salad sold at pasty stalls in street markets in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Molecular profile of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus isolated from stored maize

Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed of Balochistan Pakistan

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