Common Oral Manifestations During Pregnancy: A Review

Abstract

After completion of this article, the reader will be able to summarize the major oral complications during pregnancy, to outline the etiologic factors associated with each of these conditions, and to explain the role of dental treatment during pregnancy.

Oral colonization of Gram-negative anaerobes as a risk factor for preterm delivery

“…The increased hormonal levels enhance localized production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), 57 while progesterone also reduces fibroblast proliferation, alters collagen production and reduces the level of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2), an important inhibitor of tissue proteolysis. 48,58 Repeated vomiting during pregnancy results in acid-induced erosion, and coupled with the inability to tolerate toothbrushing because of tooth sensitivity and nausea, the oral hygiene of the pregnant woman is severely compromised. 56,59,60 This, along with estrogen-enhanced proliferation and desquamation of the oral mucosa and nutrients provided by the bleeding gingiva creates a suitable environment for an overgrowth of Gram-negative anaerobes in the plaque.…”

Associations between the Number of Natural Teeth and the Maternal Age at Childbirth or History of Parity in Postmenopausal Women: The 2010–2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“…24 Sex hormone concentrations during pregnancy may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-associated gingivitis or periodontitis. 25 The ratio of anaerobic to aerobic bacteria and the proportional levels of Bacteroides intermedia have been reported to be increased during pregnancy. 26 The level of progesterone available in active form and the dysfunction of inflammatory cells may result in an increased chronic reaction, leading to a clinically exaggerated appearance of inflammation.…”

“…27 Sex hormone fluctuation during pregnancy may involve changes in gingival tissue turnover. 25 Even though the inflammation of periodontal tissues that occurs during pregnancy may be temporary and abates after childbirth, the destruction of periodontal tissue persists after childbirth. 18 The functional dentition concept emphasized that a person needs a minimum number of natural teeth to have adequate dental function without the aid of prosthetic replacements.…”

Pregnancy Gingivitis and Pregnancy Tumour

“…1 A pregnancy tumour is a distinct clinical entity that may occur in up to 5% of pregnant females. 2 The diagnosis of pregnancy gingivitis and pregnancy tumour is made primarily on clinical findings.…”

“…Pregnancy-related gingival changes have a high rate of resolution postpartum, and aggressive surgical treatment is not recommended for these conditions. 1 Consent to publish these images has been obtained from the patient. …”