College Students’ Racial Attitudes

Brigham, John C.

doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01074.x

Cited by 323 publications

(383 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Plant and Devine (1998) conducted a series of studies in which they showed that the scales are reliable and provided evidence regarding the scales' convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. For example, they demonstrated that scores on the IMS were highly correlated with traditional measures of prejudice, including the Attitude Towards Blacks scale (ATB; Brigham, 1993) and the Modern Racism Scale (MRS; McConahay, 1986), such that higher levels of internal motivation were associated with lower prejudice scores. The EMS, in contrast, was only modestly correlated with traditional prejudice measures, such that high levels of external motivation were associated with higher prejudice scores.…”

Section: Self-determination and Self-regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 In all three studies, we assess explicit race bias using Brigham's (1993) ATB, a highly reliable and valid measure. To assess implicit race bias, we use a sequential evaluative priming procedure in Study 1 (Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997;Fazio et al, 1995) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al, 1998) in Studies 2 and 3.…”

Section: Self-determination and Self-regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice.

Devine¹,

Plant²,

Amodio³

et al. 2002

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

603

610

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Three studies examined the moderating role of motivations to respond without prejudice (e.g., internal and external) in expressions of explicit and implicit race bias. In all studies, participants reported their explicit attitudes toward Blacks. Implicit measures consisted of a sequential priming task (Study 1) and the Implicit Association Test (Studies 2 and 3). Study 3 used a cognitive busyness manipulation to preclude effects of controlled processing on implicit responses. In each study, explicit race bias was moderated by internal motivation to respond without prejudice, whereas implicit race bias was moderated by the interaction of internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Specifically, high internal, low external participants exhibited lower levels of implicit race bias than did all other participants. Implications for the development of effective self-regulation of race bias are discussed.

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Section: Self-determination and Self-regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self-determination and Self-regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice.

Devine¹,

Plant²,

Amodio³

et al. 2002

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

603

610

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Modern explicit attitude measures, for example, often infer attitudes by aggregating levels of agreement to a variety of propositional statements. For example, items on the Modern Racism Scale (Brigham, 1993) concern beliefs about race-related issues such as support for affirmative action. The richness of these explicit measures may actually be a hindrance to observing strong implicit -explicit consistency because implicit measures are presumed to reflect relatively simple associative relations such as the association of racial groups with positive or negative evaluation, rather than the rich nuance of support or disapproval of racerelevant political issues.…”

Section: Measurement Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings suggest that adjustment to internal standards may be a stronger moderator than adjustment to external norms. Finally, Ziegert and Hanges (2005) employed only the external subscale and found it moderated the relationship between a race IAT and the attitudes towards blacks scale (Brigham, 1993), but not the more subtle modern racism scale (McConahay, 1986). This latter finding suggests that external motivation may be a significant moderator only for blatant explicit measures that clearly elicit social desirability concerns and not for explicit measures including more subtle but socially acceptable items.…”

Section: Adjustmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?

Hofmann¹,

Gschwendner²,

Nosek³

2005

European Review of Social Psychology

178

145

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Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit -explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait -behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the recent distinction between associative and propositional representations (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), we identify a working model of implicit -explicit consistency that organises the empirical evidence on implicit -explicit moderation into five factors: translation between implicit and explicit representations (e.g., representational strength, awareness), additional information integration for explicit representations (e.g., need for cognition), properties of explicit assessment (e.g., social desirability concerns), properties of implicit assessment (e.g., situational malleability), and research design factors (e.g., sampling bias, measurement correspondence).A significant proportion of psychological research over the last three decades concerns the automatic nature of information processing (Bargh, 1997;Khilstrom, 1999;Wegner & Bargh, 1998). Theory and empirical data have broadened notions of core psychological concepts like attitudes, stereotypes, self-concept, goals, personality, and self-esteem to include not Correspondence should be addressed to Wilhelm Hofmann, Fachbereich 8 -Psychologie Universita¨t Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany. Email: hofmannw@ uni-landau.de Preparation of this chapter was supported by a grant from the German Science Foundation (DFG) to Manfred Schmitt (Schm 1092/5-1) and by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to Brian Nosek (R01 MH-068447). We would like to thank Rainer Banse, Boris Egloff, Malte Friese, Bertram Gawronski, and Jane Thompson for valuable comments on an earlier version of this chapter.EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005, 16, 335 -390 2005 European Association of Experimental Social Psychology http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/10463283.html DOI: 10.1080/10463280500443228 just the explicit assessments that are products of introspection, but also implicit components of these constructs that may occur outside of conscious awareness or control (Asendorpf, Banse, & Mu¨cke, 2002;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000). Whereas implicit constructs are assumed to operate automatically and may be inaccessible to conscious experience, their explicit counterparts are conceptualised as reflective (conscious) and capacity-consuming mental representations that influence action through deliberation (e.g., Bargh, 1994;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). This distinction plays a role in a variety of dual-process theories that distinguish two modes of information processing such as implicit vs explicit (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson et al., 2000), automatic vs controlled (Bargh, 1994), impulsive vs reflective (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), and associative vs rule-based (Sloman, 1996;Smith & DeCoster, 2000). These theories share an assumpti...

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“…Explicit race bias was measured using Attitudes Toward Blacks scale (Brigham, 1993). The scale included items like ''Generally, Blacks are not as smart as Whites'' and ''It is likely that Blacks will bring violence to neighborhoods when they move in.''…”

Section: Explicit Race Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear Extinction to an Out-Group Face

et al. 2009

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Conditioning studies on humans and other primates show that fear responses acquired toward dangerrelevant stimuli, such as snakes, resist extinction, whereas responses toward danger-irrelevant stimuli, such as birds, are more readily extinguished. Similar evolved biases may extend to human groups, as recent research demonstrates that a conditioned fear response to faces of persons of a social out-group resists extinction, whereas fear toward a social in-group is more readily extinguished. Here, we provide an important extension to previous work by demonstrating that this fear-extinction bias occurs solely when the exemplars are male. These results underscore the importance of considering how gender of the target stimulus affects psychological and physiological responses to out-group threat.

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College Students’ Racial Attitudes

Cited by 323 publications

References 43 publications

The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice.

The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice.

What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?

Fear Extinction to an Out-Group Face

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