“…In the case of acute brain injury, the response of a rapid release of massive intracellular K þ ions into brain ECF (Katayama et al, 1990;Reinert et al, 2000) has a profound influence on the dynamic actions of neurotransmitters (Zheng et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2008Wang et al, , 2010Slaney et al, 2011), the membrane-associated transport system, the metabolic activities, and the synaptic functions of neurons (Kimelberg et al, 1979;Marion, 1998). Because the brain extracellular glucose dominates the Na þ /K þ homeostasis and its associated biochemical interactions, the ability to describe the dynamic variations in the concentration of glucose would enhance the study of these essential functions in living rat brains.…”