Co‐infection of infectious myonecrosis virus and
            <i>Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei</i>
            in
            <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>
            farms in the east coast of India

Jithendran, K. P.; Krishnan, A. Navaneeth; Jagadeesan, V.; Anandaraja, R.; Praveena, P. Ezhil; Anushya, Sivakumar; Amarnath, Chandrasekaran Bala; Bhuvaneswari, T. V.

doi:10.1111/are.15304

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…IMNV was first reported in 2003 in P. vannamei cultured in northeastern Brazil, then in Indonesia (2006), and most recently in India (2016), Malaysia (2018) and Indonesia (2018) [ 78 , 79 ] ( Figure 12 ). Until the IMNV virus was reported in India in 2016, it had only occurred in Brazil and Indonesia [ 80 ].…”

Section: Rna Viral Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

Lee

Choi

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Shrimp is one of the most valuable aquaculture species globally, and the most internationally traded seafood product. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture practices have received increasing attention due to their high value and levels of demand, and this has contributed to economic growth in many developing countries. The global production of shrimp reached approximately 6.5 million t in 2019 and the shrimp aquaculture industry has consequently become a large-scale operation. However, the expansion of shrimp aquaculture has also been accompanied by various disease outbreaks, leading to large losses in shrimp production. Among the diseases, there are various viral diseases which can cause serious damage when compared to bacterial and fungi-based illness. In addition, new viral diseases occur rapidly, and existing diseases can evolve into new types. To address this, the review presented here will provide information on the DNA and RNA of shrimp viral diseases that have been designated by the World Organization for Animal Health and identify the latest shrimp disease trends.

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Section: Rna Viral Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

Lee

Choi

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Aranguren et al (2017) suggested EHP as a risk factor for AHPND and SHPN as the EHP-infected P. vannamei have increased susceptibility to Vibrio infection. Similar to other pathogens of shrimp, co-infection of EHP with other pathogens such as TSV (Tang et al 2017), IHHNV (Wang et al 2017), WSSV (Thamizhvanan et al 2019), IMNV (Jithendran et al 2021), HPV (Singaravel et al 2021;Lee et al 2022) and DHPV (Lee et al 2023) has been reported. EHP, initially recorded in 2004 as an unidentified microsporidian in Thailand affecting stunted tiger shrimp (Chayaburakul et al 2004), it was characterized as Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in 2009 (Tourtip et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in Penaeus monodon farms in India

Jithendran

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) causes substantial economic losses to the shrimp farming industry. Despite the wide potential host range, most research on EHP was focused on Penaeus vannamei due to its widespread farming and severe growth retardation. However, there needs to be more available information on EHP infection in farmed tiger shrimp, P. monodon, especially considering its re-introduction and use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) seeds in India. A polymerase chain reaction-based (two-step PCR) survey was conducted to understand the prevalence of EHP in P. monodon farms across six states in India. Two different PCR assays, one specific to the spore wall protein (SWP) gene and the other targeting the SSU rRNA gene. While only 19 of 63 farms (30.15%) surveyed during the study revealed the presence of EHP using SWP-specific PCR, 38 farms (60.31%) were found to be positive with SSU rRNA PCR. However, only one of the farms showed EHP in the first step of PCR. The low level of infection, as indicated by the PCR analysis, was further validated and confirmed by histology and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The EHP load ranged from 1.0 × 103 to 3.7 × 106 copies/ µg DNA, and histology of hepatopancreas showed only mild pathological changes and inclusion-like bodies similar to the developmental stages of EHP. Some of the samples showed bacteria-induced haemocyte infiltration and nodule formation. However, no microsporidian spores could be noticed in the histological sections. EHP SWP-specific PCR amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed similarity with earlier reported EHP strains from P. vannamei from Thailand, Latin America and India. A statistical epidemiological study to identify risk factors associated with EHP infection revealed that the presence of EHP infection in previous cultures, the use of wild seeds and continuous farming as potential risk factors and the use of SPF seeds and bleaching as protective factors. P. monodon is susceptible to EHP infection, yet the impact on the species is significantly lower than that reported in P. vannamei. The present report forms the latest report on the prevalence of EHP in P. monodon farms in India.

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“…Since then, EHP has been widespread in many Asian countries, for example, Korea, China, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, and Malaysia [ 5 , 12 – 16 ]. Although the EHP infection does not cause mortality in shrimp, the co-infection of EHP with bacteria and viruses including Vibrio parahaemolyticus caused acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VP AHPND ), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and myonecrosis virus (IMNV) can cause a 100% mortality [ 17 – 19 ]. It is suggested that EHP infection could make the shrimp weaken.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune signaling of Litopenaeus vannamei c-type lysozyme and its role during microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection

Sangklai,

Supungul,

Jaroenlak

et al. 2024

PLoS Pathog

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The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a fungi-related, spore-forming parasite. EHP infection causes growth retardation and size variation in shrimp, resulting in severe economic losses. Studies on shrimp immune response have shown that several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were upregulated upon EHP infection. Among those highly upregulated AMPs is c-type lysozyme (LvLyz-c). However, the immune signaling pathway responsible for LvLyz-c production in shrimp as well as its function against the EHP infection are still poorly understood. Here, we characterized major shrimp immune signaling pathways and found that Toll and JAK/STAT pathways were up-regulated upon EHP infection. Knocking down of a Domeless (DOME) receptor in the JAK/STAT pathways resulted in a significant reduction of the LvLyz-c and the elevation of EHP copy number. We further elucidated the function of LvLyz-c by heterologously expressing a recombinant LvLyz-c (rLvLyz-c) in an Escherichia coli. rLvLyz-c exhibited antibacterial activity against several bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Interestingly, we found an antifungal activity of rLvLyz-c against Candida albican, which led us to further investigate the effects of rLvLyz-c on EHP spores. Incubation of the EHP spores with rLvLyz-c followed by a chitin staining showed that the signals were dramatically decreased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that rLvLyz-c possibly digest a chitin coat on the EHP spores. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that an endospore layer, which is composed mainly of chitin, was digested by rLvLyz-c. Lastly, we observed that EHP spores that were treated with rLvLyz-c showed a significant reduction of the spore germination rate. We hypothesize that thinning of the endospore of EHP would result in altered permeability, hence affecting spore germination. This work provides insights into shrimp immune signaling pathways responsible for LvLyz-c production and its anti-EHP property. This knowledge will serve as important foundations for developing EHP control strategies.

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Co‐infection of infectious myonecrosis virus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in Penaeus vannamei farms in the east coast of India

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

Prevalence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in Penaeus monodon farms in India

Immune signaling of Litopenaeus vannamei c-type lysozyme and its role during microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection

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