Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

Abstract

Shrimp is one of the most valuable aquaculture species globally, and the most internationally traded seafood product. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture practices have received increasing attention due to their high value and levels of demand, and this has contributed to economic growth in many developing countries. The global production of shrimp reached approximately 6.5 million t in 2019 and the shrimp aquaculture industry has consequently become a large-scale operation. However, the expansion of shrimp aquaculture has also been accompanied by various disease outbreaks, leading to large losses in shrimp production. Among the diseases, there are various viral diseases which can cause serious damage when compared to bacterial and fungi-based illness. In addition, new viral diseases occur rapidly, and existing diseases can evolve into new types. To address this, the review presented here will provide information on the DNA and RNA of shrimp viral diseases that have been designated by the World Organization for Animal Health and identify the latest shrimp disease trends.

Isolation and characterization of the actinomycete, Nocardiopsis, from Haizhou Bay, and its application as a probiotic for Exopalaemon carinicauda (Holthuis, 1950) (Caridea, Palaemonidae)

“…Shrimps, including the current target species, Exopalaemon carinicauda, are rich in proteins, amino acids, fat, vitamins and minerals (Liu et al, 2021), which help to enhance immunity and antioxidation, as well as to protect the cardiovascular function, thus leading to an increase in global shrimp aquaculture production for human consumption (Lai et al, 2023). However, in recent years, shrimp farming has been seriously affected due to the prevalence of shrimp diseases caused by pathogens including viruses (i.e., the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV), Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV)) (Lee et al, 2022), bacteria (i.e., Aeromonas veronii, A. hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. anguillarum) and fungi (i.e., Fusarium spp., Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (Tourtip, 2009), Saprolegnia parasitica (Coker, 1935) and Achlya flagellata (Coker, 1935)) (Seethalakshmi et al, 2021). In addition, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, which are typically applied to control diseases caused by harmful bacteria, were explicitly prohibited in aquaculture in 2019 (Lai et al, 2022).…”

Simultaneous Production of a Virus-Like Particle Linked to dsRNA to Enhance dsRNA Delivery for Yellow Head Virus Inhibition

“…While many viruses can cause disease in farmed shrimp [34], two shrimp viruses, namely white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus, are the major causes of economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture industry in many Asian countries, including Thailand [34,35]. Previous research has reported that a range of molecules including natural compounds, recombinant proteins, virus-like particles (VLPs), DNA vaccines, and specific double-stranded RNAs could all suppress viral replication or prevent viral infection in shrimp [13,36].…”

In silico prediction of potential indigenous microbial biomarkers in Penaeus vannamei identified through meta-analysis and genome-scale metabolic modelling

“…Despite this, P. vannamei farming is constantly hampered by abiotic and biotic factors [ 58 ]. One of the challenges faced by P. vannamei farming relates to emerging diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi affecting the sustainability of shrimp [ 1 , 31 , 32 ]. Antibiotics are used to prevent the growth of microbial infections, but the spread of microbial antibiotic resistance poses a hazard to human health [ 5 ].…”