A novel multibit MoS photoelectronic nonvolatile memory device is developed by synergistically combining rational device designs and the efficient transfer of large-area MoS flakes. The MoS photoelectronic memory exhibits excellent memory characteristics, including a large programming/erasing current ratio that exceeds 10 , multilevel data storage of 3 bits (corresponding to eight levels), performance stability over 200 cycles, and stable data retention over 10 s.

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Candida auris is an emerging worldwide fungal pathogen. Over the past 20 years, 61 patient isolates of C. auris (4 blood and 57 ear) have been obtained from 13 hospitals in Korea. Here, we reanalyzed those molecularly identified isolates using two matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) systems, including Biotyper and Vitek MS, followed by antifungal susceptibility testing, sequencing of the ERG11 gene, and genotyping. With a research-use-only (RUO) library, 83.6% and 93.4% of the isolates were correctly identified by Biotyper and Vitek MS, respectively. Using an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) library of Vitek MS, 96.7% of the isolates were correctly identified. Fluconazole-resistant isolates made up 62.3% of the isolates, while echinocandin- or multidrug-resistant isolates were not found. Excellent essential (within two dilutions, 96.7%) and categorical agreements (93.4%) between the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and Vitek 2 (AST-YS07 card) methods were observed for fluconazole. Sequencing ERG11 for all 61 isolates revealed that only 3 fluconazole-resistant isolates showed the Erg11p amino acid substitution K143R. All 61 isolates showed identical multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses revealed that both blood and ear isolates had the same or similar patterns. These results show that MALDI-TOF MS and Vitek 2 antifungal susceptibility systems can be reliable diagnostic tools for testing C. auris isolates from Korean hospitals. The Erg11p mutation was seldom found among Korean isolates of C. auris, and multidrug resistance was not found. Both MLST and PFGE analyses suggest that these isolates are genetically similar.

Trichinella spiralis is a zoonotic nematode and food borne parasite and infection with T . spiralis leads to suppression of the host immune response and other immunopathologies. Alternative activated macrophages (M2) as well as T reg cells, a target for immunomodulation by the helminth parasite, play a critical role in initiating and modulating the host immune response to parasite. The precise mechanism by which helminths modulate host immune response is not fully understood. To determine the functions of parasite-induced M2 macrophages, we compared the effects of M1 and M2 macrophages obtained from Trichinella spiralis- infected mice with those of T . spiralis excretory/secretory (ES) protein-treated macrophages on experimental intestinal inflammation and allergic airway inflammation. T . spiralis infection induced M2 macrophage polarization by increasing the expression of CD206, ARG1 , and Fizz2 . In a single application, we introduced macrophages obtained from T . spiralis- infected mice and T . spiralis ES protein-treated macrophages into mice tail veins before the induction of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, ovalbumin (OVA)-alum sensitization, and OVA challenge. Colitis severity was assessed by determining the severity of colitis symptoms, colon length, histopathologic parameters, and Th1-related inflammatory cytokine levels. Compared with the DSS-colitis group, T . spiralis- infected mice and T . spiralis ES protein-treated macrophages showed significantly lower disease activity index (DAI) at sacrifice and smaller reductions of body weight and proinflammatory cytokine level. The severity of allergic airway inflammation was assessed by determining the severity of symptoms of inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), differential cell counts, histopathologic parameters, and levels of Th2-related inflammatory cytokines. Severe allergic airway inflammation was induced after OVA-alum sensitization and OVA challenge, which significantly increased Th2-related cytokine levels, eosinophil infiltration, and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. However, these severe allergic symptoms were significantly decreased in T. spiralis- infected mice and T. spiralis ES protein-treated macrophages. Helminth infection and helminth ES proteins induce M2 macrophages. Adoptive transfer of macrophages obtained from helminth-infected mice and helminth ES protein-activated macrophages is an effective treatment for preventing and treating airway allergy in mice and is promising as a therapeutic for treating inflammatory diseases.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the adhesion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites on cosmetic contact lenses (CLs) with and without CL care multipurpose solution (MPS) treatment.MethodsAcanthamoeba lugdunensis L3a trophozoites were inoculated onto disks trimmed from CLs: 1-day Acuvue moist, 1-day Acuvue define, Acuvue 2, and Acuvue 2 define. After 18-hour inoculation, the number of adherent trophozoites was counted under phase contrast microscopy. The effects of MPS, Opti-Free Express, soaking CLs for 6 hours, on Acanthamoeba adhesion were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopic examination was performed for assessment of Acanthamoeba attached on the lens surface.ResultsAcanthamoeba trophozoites showed greater adhesion to cosmetic CL (P = 0.017 for 1-day CL and P = 0.009 for 2-week CL) although there was no significant difference between the types of cosmetic CL. On all lenses, the number of adherent Acanthamoeba was significantly reduced after treatment with MPS (P < 0.001 for 1-day Acuvue moist, P = 0.046 for 1-day Acuvue define, P < 0.001 for Acuvue 2, and P = 0.015 for Acuvue 2 define), but there was still significant difference between conventional and cosmetic CLs (P = 0.003 for 1-day CL and P < 0.001 for 2-week CL, respectively). More attachment of Acanthamoeba was observed on colored area and the acanthopodia of Acanthamoeba was placed on the rough surface of colored area.ConclusionAcanthamoeba showed a greater affinity for cosmetic CL and mostly attached on colored area. Although MPS that contained myristamidopropyl dimethylamine reduced the adhesion rate, there was a significant difference between conventional and cosmetic CLs.

We investigated, for the first time, the photoresponse characteristics of solution-synthesized MoS2 phototransistors. The photoresponse of the solution-synthesized MoS2 phototransistor was solely determined by the interactions of the photogenerated charge carriers with the surface adsorbates and the interface trap sites. Instead of contributing to the photocurrent, the illumination-generated electron-hole pairs were captured in the trap sites (surface and interface sites) due to the low carrier mobility of the solution-synthesized MoS2. The photogenerated holes discharged ions (oxygen and/or water) adsorbed onto the MoS2 surface and were released as neutral molecules. At the same time, the photogenerated electrons filled the traps present at the interface with the underlying substrate during their transport to the drain electrode. The filled trap sites significantly relieved the band bending near the surface region, which resulted in both a negative shift in the turn-on voltage and an increase in the photocurrent. The time-dependent dynamics of the solution-synthesized MoS2 phototransistors revealed persistent photoconductance due to the trapped electrons at the interface. The photoconductance was recovered by applying a short positive gate pulse. The instantaneous discharge of the trapped electrons dramatically reduced the relaxation time to less than 20 ms. This study provides an important clue to understanding the photoresponses of various optoelectronic devices prepared using solution-synthesized two-dimensional nanomaterials.

We demonstrated nanofloating gate transistor memory devices (NFGTMs) using mechanically-exfoliated few-layered black phosphorus (BP) channels and gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) charge trapping layers. The resulting BP-NFGTMs exhibited excellent memory performances, including the five-level data storage, large memory window (58.2 V), stable retention (10(4) s), and cyclic endurance (1000 cycles).

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