Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance

Abstract

contributed equally to this work. Conflict of interest:The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists. Nonstandard abbreviations used: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); white adipose tissue (WAT); monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1); diet-induced obesity (DIO); macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α); macrophage antigen-1 (MAC-1); thiazolidinedione (TZD).

Anti-diabetic activity of stigmasterol from soybean oil by targeting the GLUT4 glucose transporter

“…An abundance of evidence has demonstrated that chronic tissue inflammation caused by obesity is the most common etiology of obesity-induced IR [34]. Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia are often coupled with T2DM, indicating that hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia will never develop if IR is overcome [35]. In the present study, SMR significantly improved IR and lipid metabolism in KK-Ay mice.…”

Anti‐inflammatory and anti‐insulin resistance activities of aqueous extract from Anoectochilus burmannicus

“…LPS‐stimulated macrophages would secrete several different inflammatory mediators, including IL‐1β, IL‐6, NO, and TNF‐α, (Esser et al., 2014; Schreckinger, Wang, Yousef, Lila, & Gonzalez de Mejia, 2010). The overproduction of these mediators has been related in several diseases caused by inflammation, such as obesity‐related insulin resistance (Xu et al., 2003), rheumatoid arthritis (Shrivastava et al., 2015), cancer (Chua, Chong, Liauw, Zhao, & Morris, 2012), atherosclerosis (Hamirani et al., 2014), and hepatitis (Connoy, Turner, & Nunez, 2011). Increasing in NO in the activated macrophages could induce a host‐defense mechanism and cellular or tissues damages leading to an inflammation (Ialenti, Ianaro, Moncada, & Di Rosa, 1992; Sampaio et al., 2013; Sharma, Al‐Omran, & Parvathy, 2007).…”

“…Chronic inflammation is widely known to be complicated in pathogenesis of various diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome (Esser, Legrand‐Poels, Piette, Scheen, & Paquot, 2014; Xu et al., 2003), and cancer (Chen, Alvero, Silasi, & Mor, 2007). Several physical and chemical stimulants are factors involved in the inflammatory process such as free radicals which cause oxidative stress (Li & Wang, 2011).…”

Lipid signalling in disease

“…Inflammation itself, however, is a key feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes, as has become clear during the past decade 66 . Infiltration of adipose tissue by immune cells such as macrophages has recently been described in obese mice and humans 67,68 . Chronic inflammation is characterized by abnormal cytokine production 69 , and tumour necrosis factor-(TNF ) has been found to be overexpressed in the adipose tissue of obese mice 70 .…”