Childhood pain: the school-aged childʼs viewpoint

Abstract

This interview study was designed to obtain a substantial body of information about childhood pain from a large cohort (n = 994) of Northern Californian school children between the ages of 5 and 12 years. The primary criteria for assignment to groups were extent of hospitalization experience, recency of hospitalization, presence of a painful chronic condition, and chronic iatrogenic pain. Open-ended questions were used to determine the extent of the children's knowledge and understanding of pain, their ability to describe pain, specific pain experiences, use of coping strategies, preferences concerning the timing of information about impending pain, and maladaptive pain usage. There was unequivocal evidence of the children's ability to communicate effectively concerning their pain, however, knowledge and understanding of pain for most of the sample was at a low developmental level, with no clearly defined age trends and no sex differences. There was relatively low use of coping strategies and the frequency of maladaptive pain usage was disquieting.

Outcome results of self-efficacy in children with sickle disease pain who were trained to use guided imagery

“…There is some evidence that the coping strategies learned by children with SCD will influence their overall adjustment, both during childhood and during adulthood (Ross & Ross, 1988). More systematic investigation into effective coping and its effect on early and later adjustment is recommended (Gil, Williams, Thompson, & Kinney, 1991).…”

Children's Perceptions of Pain During 3 Weeks of Bone Marrow Transplant Experience

“…The need to obtain children's self-reports of pain is supported by research findings that caregivers' assessments of children's pain are not congruent with children's self-reports (Eland, 1990;Pederson & Parran, 1999;Rodriguez, Kury, & Hoffman, 1995;Schneider & LoBiondoWood, 1992). Ross and Ross (1984) used open-ended questions to study 994 school-age children's knowledge and understanding of pain. The children demonstrated an ability to communicate pain effectively; 70% provided excellent pain descriptors.…”

Tentativa de crianças em lidar com as emoções de raiva e tristeza

“…Um amplo corpo de estudos nos diferentes aspectos da cognição da emoção de crianças (e.g., Harris, 1989), como também pesquisas em áreas relacionadas, tais como estratégias das crianças para lidar com atraso de gratificação (e.g., Mischel & Mischel, 1983;Yates, Yates & Beasley, 1987), dor (e.g., Reissland, 1983;Ross & Ross, 1984;Curry & Russ, 1985;Jerrett,1985;Branson & Craig, 1988), estresse (Brown, O'Keeffe, Sanders & Baker, 1986;Band & Weisz,1988;Altshuler & Ruble,1989), e seu foco para lidar com as emoções em geral, indica que crianças novas podem conceber estratégias que possibilitam-nas controlar eventos mentais emocionais, tais como o uso de vários tipos de distração.…”