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The present experiment was designed to study the influence of responseconsequences to the model on the imitative learning of aggression. Nursery school children were assigned randomly to 1 of the following groups: aggressive model-rewarded; aggressive model-punished; a control group shown highly expressive but nonaggressive models; and a 2nd control group which had no exposure to models. The children were then tested for the incidence of postexposure imitative and nonimitative aggressive responses. Children who witnessed the aggressive model rewarded showed more imitative aggression and preferred to emulate the successful aggressor than children in the aggressive model-punished group who both failed to reproduce his behavior and rejected him as a model for emulation. Control over aggression was vicariously transmitted to boys by the administration of aversive stimuli to the model, and to girls by the presentation of incompatible prosocial examples of behavior.

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This interview study was designed to obtain a substantial body of information about childhood pain from a large cohort (n = 994) of Northern Californian school children between the ages of 5 and 12 years. The primary criteria for assignment to groups were extent of hospitalization experience, recency of hospitalization, presence of a painful chronic condition, and chronic iatrogenic pain. Open-ended questions were used to determine the extent of the children's knowledge and understanding of pain, their ability to describe pain, specific pain experiences, use of coping strategies, preferences concerning the timing of information about impending pain, and maladaptive pain usage. There was unequivocal evidence of the children's ability to communicate effectively concerning their pain, however, knowledge and understanding of pain for most of the sample was at a low developmental level, with no clearly defined age trends and no sex differences. There was relatively low use of coping strategies and the frequency of maladaptive pain usage was disquieting.