“…Since the first report of ferroelectricity in Si-doped HfO 2 crystalline films, ferroelectric HfO 2 films have been reported using many types of dopants, such as Si, 1-6) Zr, [6][7][8][9][10] Y, [4][5][6][11][12][13] Al, [4][5][6]14) Gd, 4,15,16) Sr, 5,17) La, 18,19) Sc, 6) Ge, 6) and N. 6,20) Nondoped HfO 2 films also show ferroelectricity when an appropriate amount of oxygen deficiency is introduced. 12,[21][22][23] It is widely recognized that the ferroelectricity in HfO 2 is attainable in a particular range of dopant concentrations, and its spontaneous polarization is induced by the displacement of oxygen ions in the noncenter symmetric orthorhombic phase crystal.…”