Chalcone Synthase (CHS) Gene Suppression in Flax Leads to Changes in Wall Synthesis and Sensing Genes, Cell Wall Chemistry and Stem Morphology Parameters

Żuk, Magdalena; Działo, Magdalena; Richter, Dorota; Dymińska, Lucyna; Matuła, Jan; Kotecki, A.; Hanuza, J.; Szopa, Jan

doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00894

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Although further studies are required, the reduction of lignin content in the rice fnsII mutant may suggests a feedback system that controls the relative carbon flux between flavonoid and monolignol biosynthetic pathways. It also should be noted here that, unlike the case of CHS-defective maize (Eloy et al, 2017), CHS suppression in some dicot species resulted in no alterations or, as in our FNSII rice mutant, reductions in lignin levels Zuk et al, 2016). Therefore, cross-interactions between the flavonoid and monolignol pathway metabolisms also may be dependent on different metabolic plasticity in different plant species.…”

Section: Fnsii Mutant Rice Produces Cell Wall Lignins Devoid Of Tricinmentioning

confidence: 46%

Disrupting Flavone Synthase II Alters Lignin and Improves Biomass Digestibility

et al. 2017

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Lignin, a ubiquitous phenylpropanoid polymer in vascular plant cell walls, is derived primarily from oxidative couplings of monolignols (p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols). It was discovered recently that a wide range of grasses, including cereals, utilize a member of the flavonoids, tricin (39,59-dimethoxyflavone), as a natural comonomer with monolignols for cell wall lignification. Previously, we established that cytochrome P450 93G1 is a flavone synthase II (OsFNSII) indispensable for the biosynthesis of soluble tricin-derived metabolites in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, our tricin-deficient fnsII mutant was analyzed further with an emphasis on its cell wall structure and properties. The mutant is similar in growth to wild-type control plants with normal vascular morphology. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance structural analyses demonstrated that the mutant lignin is completely devoid of tricin, indicating that FNSII activity is essential for the deposition of tricin-bound lignin in rice cell walls. The mutant also showed substantially reduced lignin content with decreased syringyl/guaiacyl lignin unit composition. Interestingly, the loss of tricin in the mutant lignin appears to be partially compensated by incorporating naringenin, which is a preferred substrate of OsFNSII. The fnsII mutant was further revealed to have enhanced enzymatic saccharification efficiency, suggesting that the cell wall recalcitrance of grass biomass may be reduced through the manipulation of the flavonoid monomer supply for lignification.

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Section: Fnsii Mutant Rice Produces Cell Wall Lignins Devoid Of Tricinmentioning

confidence: 46%

Disrupting Flavone Synthase II Alters Lignin and Improves Biomass Digestibility

et al. 2017

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“…This might be supported by an earlier observation that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid compounds and lignin occur in the form of multi-enzyme complexes in which the main regulating component is possibly CHS. Perhaps strong upregulation of CHS by 3-HB is sufficient to change the expression of genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis route [48]. The data from transgene analysis were mostly confirmed by the results from control flax exposed to endogenous 3-HB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

3-Hydroxybutyrate Is Active Compound in Flax that Upregulates Genes Involved in DNA Methylation

Mierziak

Wojtasik

Kulma

et al. 2020

IJMS

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In mammalian cells, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) is not only an intermediate metabolite during the oxidation of fatty acids, but also an important signaling molecule. On the other hand, the information about the metabolism or function of this compound in plants is scarce. In our study, we show for the first time that this compound naturally occurs in flax. The expression of bacterial β-ketothiolase in flax affects expression of endogenous genes of the 3-HB biosynthesis pathway and the compound content. The increase in 3-HB content in transgenic plants or after control plants treatment with 3-HB resulted in upregulation of genes involved in chromatin remodeling. The observation that 3-HB is an endogenous activator of methyltransferase 3 (CMT3), decreased DNA methylation I (DDM1), DEMETER DNA glycosylase (DME), and an inhibitor of sirtuin 1 (SRT1) provides an example of integration of different genes in chromatin remodeling. The changes in chromatin remodeling gene expression concomitant with those involved in phenolics and the lignin biosynthesis pathway suggest potential integration of secondary metabolic status with epigenetic changes.Initially, investigated degradation assays carried out with isolated PHB granules revealed, as a first step, the release of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) in a hydrolytic reaction, then conversion to 3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A and further to acetyl-CoA via acetoacetyl-CoA in the reverse direction and by the same enzymes of the synthesis pathway. In a more recent study, the intracellular degradation of PHB by PHB depolymerase PhaZ1 to (n)-3-HB-CoA and its conversion to crotonyl-CoA converted to acetoacetyl-CoA finally cleaved by a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase to two molecules of acetyl-CoA was shown [6,7].In vertebrates, 3-HB is a product of the normal metabolism of fatty acid oxidation. However the possibility that part of 3-HB derives from bacterial PHB metabolism cannot be excluded as gut microbiota can be a source of PHB [8]. The possibility that part of 3-HB derives from bacterial PHB metabolism cannot be excluded. The 3-HB in humans serves as a metabolic fuel in tissues and its synthesis is increased during metabolic stress conditions, such as exercise, fasting, and severe acute illness. Furthermore, 3-HB has been reported to lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent oxidative stress [9], to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) induced by oxidative stress [10] and to promote the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor [11]. It has also been reported that specific supplementation with 3-HB increases lifespan in C. elegans roundworms by 20% [12]. A more recent study reported that 3-HB infusion in ischemia in mice reduced infarct size, mediated by histone deacetylase sirtuin 3, and reduced ROS production [13]. In the mitochondria 3-HB is also known to increase the expression of neurotrophic factor that facilitates respiration [14]. Very recently the study of healthy human subjects with and without continuous infusion of 3-HB demonstrated reduced cerebral glucose uptake and neuroprote...

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“…to caffeoyl and feruloyl shikimates), as revealed via phenolic profiling. Furthermore, the Arabidopsis chs loss-of-function mutant showed no alterations in lignin content and composition Vanholme et al, 2010b), and CHS suppression in flax (Linum usitatissimum) even led to lignin reduction (Zuk et al, 2016). In addition, although an increase in lignin content was observed in fruits of strawberry (Fragaria 3 ananassa) silenced for CHS via agroinfiltration (Ring et al, 2013), this increase was later assigned to the agroinfiltration method and not to the silencing of CHS, because injection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the control vector already increased lignin content (Yeh et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing CHALCONE SYNTHASE in Maize Impedes the Incorporation of Tricin into Lignin and Increases Lignin Content

et al. 2016

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Lignin is a phenolic heteropolymer that is deposited in secondary-thickened cell walls, where it provides mechanical strength. A recent structural characterization of cell walls from monocot species showed that the flavone tricin is part of the native lignin polymer, where it is hypothesized to initiate lignin chains. In this study, we investigated the consequences of altered tricin levels on lignin structure and cell wall recalcitrance by phenolic profiling, nuclear magnetic resonance, and saccharification assays of the naturally silenced maize (Zea mays) C2-Idf (inhibitor diffuse) mutant, defective in the CHALCONE SYNTHASE Colorless2 (C2) gene. We show that the C2-Idf mutant produces highly reduced levels of apigenin-and tricin-related flavonoids, resulting in a strongly reduced incorporation of tricin into the lignin polymer. Moreover, the lignin was enriched in b-b and b-5 units, lending support to the contention that tricin acts to initiate lignin chains and that, in the absence of tricin, more monolignol dimerization reactions occur. In addition, the C2-Idf mutation resulted in strikingly higher Klason lignin levels in the leaves. As a consequence, the leaves of C2-Idf mutants had significantly reduced saccharification efficiencies compared with those of control plants. These findings are instructive for lignin engineering strategies to improve biomass processing and biochemical production.

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Chalcone Synthase (CHS) Gene Suppression in Flax Leads to Changes in Wall Synthesis and Sensing Genes, Cell Wall Chemistry and Stem Morphology Parameters

Cited by 34 publications

References 48 publications

Disrupting Flavone Synthase II Alters Lignin and Improves Biomass Digestibility

Disrupting Flavone Synthase II Alters Lignin and Improves Biomass Digestibility

3-Hydroxybutyrate Is Active Compound in Flax that Upregulates Genes Involved in DNA Methylation

Silencing CHALCONE SYNTHASE in Maize Impedes the Incorporation of Tricin into Lignin and Increases Lignin Content

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