Category clustering as a function of level of information and number of stimulus presentations

Hudson, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(68)80075-1

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A frequently cited demonstration of this principle is the phenomenon of categorical clustering (Bousfield 1953), in which stimuli presented at random tend to be recalled later in terms of categories, even if the categorical relationships are not obvious to an observer (Hudson 1968). This grouping of concepts in memory is generally beneficial, as it facilitates their retrieval and helps individuals bring relevant knowledge to the problem at hand (Medin and Atran 2004).…”

Section: Relevant Research On Memory and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives

2010

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R eal decision makers exhibit significant shortcomings in the generation of objectives for decisions that they face. Prior research has illustrated the magnitude of this shortcoming but not its causes. In this paper, we identify two distinct impediments to the generation of decision objectives: not thinking broadly enough about the range of relevant objectives, and not thinking deeply enough to articulate every objective within the range that is considered. To test these explanations and explore ways of stimulating a more comprehensive set of objectives, we present three experiments involving a variety of interventions: the provision of sample objectives, organization of objectives by category, and direct challenges to do better, with or without a warning that important objectives are missing. The use of category names and direct challenges with a warning both led to improvements in the quantity of objectives generated without impacting their quality; other interventions yielded less improvement. We conclude by discussing the relevance of our findings to decision analysis and offering prescriptive implications for the elicitation of decision objectives.

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Section: Relevant Research On Memory and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives

2010

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“…STANLEY B. KLEIN AND JOHN F. KJHLSTROM these two studies is that the encoding task must direct attention to relations between list words, and an effort must be made to encode them if the effects of organization are to be observed in recall performance (see also Bower et al, 1969;Hudson, 1968;G. Mandler, 1979;J.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory.

Klein¹,

Kihlstrom²

1986

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

254

281

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Relating information to the self (self-referent encoding) has been shown to produce better recall than purely semantic encoding. This finding has been interpreted as demonstrating that self-reference produces a more elaborate memory trace than semantic encoding, and it has been cited frequently as evidence that the self is one of the most highly elaborated structures in memory. The experiments reported in this article challenge this interpretation of the self-reference effect by demonstrating that self-referent and semantic encodings produce virtually identical free recall levels if they are first equated for the amount of organization they encourage. On the basis of our findings we conclude the following: (a) Organization, not elaboration, is responsible for the superior recall performance obtained when information is encoded self-referentially, and (b) organization is not a necessary component of selfreferent encoding and can be orthogonally varied within self-referent and semantic encoding tasks. Finally, we discuss how a single-factor theory based on organization can account for many of the selfreferent recall findings reported in the literature. One of the most influential approaches to the study of human memory has been the Depth of Processing (DOP) framework proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). These investigators suggested that retention of a memory trace is determined by the nature of encoding operations carried out on stimulus material. Deep, meaningful analyses such as those prompted by semantic encoding tasks allow formation of a more durable trace than do shallow, structural analyses of the sound or appearance of stimuli. Until 1977, semantic encoding was commonly considered the optimal way of achieving good retention (e.g.

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“…Loess (1967) obtained clear shift effects as his subjects were moved from one to another category in the STM situation. Hudson (1968) has demonstrated that subjects will cluster according to sense impression, and the study of Reutener (see Footnote 3) found that a shift from one to another dimension produced a release from proactive inhibition.…”

Section: Other Evidence For Encodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding categories of words: An empirical approach to meaning.

Wickens¹

1970

Psychological Review

627

411

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This article reports a series of studies investigating the dimension along which words are encoded, using the "release from proactive inhibition" in short-term memory technique. The results of the experiments indicate that different dimensions vary in their effectiveness for proactive inhibition release. In general, semantic dimensions (taxonomic categories or semantic differential) are highly effective, whereas physical characteristics such as word length or figure-ground colors of the slide presentation are relatively ineffective in releasing proactive inhibition. The results of this technique of measuring encoding are related to other types of experiments on verbal material as well as to the topic of subception and imageless thought.

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Category clustering as a function of level of information and number of stimulus presentations

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives

Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives

Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory.

Encoding categories of words: An empirical approach to meaning.

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