Cancer risk assessment from trihalomethanes in drinking water

Wang, Gen-Shuh; Deng, Ya Chen; Lin, Tsair-Fuh

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.029

Cited by 151 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, the study in Taiwan revealed that the Chloroform in water was highest risk from the inhalation exposure during shower and dominated to the total risk of THMs. This study also showed that exposure from THMs dermal absorption is not significant comparing to oral and inhalation exposure [4]. The importance of THMs inhalation exposure route was also reported in India that accounted of 80-90% of the total risk followed by oral exposure and dermal absorption.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The risk assessment for water was commonly calculated to ingestion exposure to toxic compound. Presently, the other routes of exposure in dermal and inhalation exposure may be more important than direct ingestion exposure [4]. In Hong Kong, the researcher reported that the cancer risk and hazard index of THMs from tap water that exposed through ingestion route higher than dermal and inhalation routes [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Pentamwa¹,

Sukton²,

Wongklom³

et al. 2013

IJESD

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Abstract-This study aims to investigate the concentration, lifetime cancer risk, and hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation exposure from tap water of 17 community water treatment plants in northeastern Thailand. Chloroform (CHCl 3 ) was found at highest level compared to dichlorobromomethane (CHCl 2 Br), chlorodibromomethane (CHClBr 2 ) and bromoform (CHBr 3 ) species. Results revealed that the Chongsammoe water treatment plant in Chaiyaphum province was found in the highest levels of 48.46 µg/L for total THMs whereas the levels were below the water quality guideline of WHO. Among the three pathways studies, the highest lifetime cancer risk comes from oral ingestion followed by dermal absorption and inhalation exposure route, mainly because of the exposure to CHCl 3 . Overall 6 of 17 plants, the lifetime cancer risk for CHCl 2 Br and CHCl 3 through oral ingestion route were higher than risk level of 10 -6 , the negligible defined by the USEPA. The average hazard index of total THMs in all muti-pathway exposure routes was lower than 1 indicating to acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level.Index Terms-Cancer risk assessment, trihalomethanes, Thailand, water supply. I. INTRODUCTIONWater supply sector is play a major role of economy growth and social well being. The inadequate access to clean water is directly combined with the lack of basic sanitation. The Millennium Development Goal aims at by 2015; the proportion of the world population would sustainable access to safe drinking water. In Thailand, the surface water resource is the core importance of water supply for community that the total volume of water from the rainfall in all river basin of about 800,000 million m 3 . The estimated for the use of improve drinking water sources was 97% of the country which both of 48% on the proved piped water system and other improved water sources [1]. The water treatment systems in Thailand are organized by four organizations: 1) the metropolitan waterworks authority responsible for the Metropolitan Bangkok Region, and the provincial waterworks authority responsible to the major city of the country, the rural water supply is operated by the local authority and the private water treatment plant. The water Manuscript received April 25, 2013; revised June 25, 2013. This work was financial supported by the National Research Council of Thailand.Prapat Pentamwa, Benchamaporn Sukton, and Tanisa Wongklom are with the School of Environmental Health, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakorn Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand (e-mail: prapat@sut.ac.th, ben_sukton@hotmail.com, koryaa_0332@hotmail.com).Sathaporn Pentamwa is with the Health Center 5, Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Nakorn Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand (e-mail: sathapornounchit@hotmail.com).sources of water treatment systems were commonly taken from surface water and underground water. The surface water supply was typically consisted of the coagulation-flocculation, filtration and disinfectio...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Pentamwa¹,

Sukton²,

Wongklom³

et al. 2013

IJESD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…After the year 2000, EPA proposed a mode of action (MOA) approach (a nonlinear approach) for the risk assessment on TCM, and set a threshold (0.01 mg/kg/day, equal to its RfD), considered protective against cancer risk [29]. However, most risk assessments on TCM still adopted its previous oral slope factor [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], which was developed by EPA under the default assumption of linearity and has been deleted. Currently, the majority of evidence and documents support a MOA based risk assessment for TCM [30][31][32].…”

Section: Calculating the Lifetime Cancer Incidence Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risks through ingestion, inhalation and dermal pathways accounted for 87.5%, 12.2% and 0.3% of the risk of total THMs (TTHM) respectively. The contribution of inhalation pathway was relatively small compared with the previous risk assessments on THMs [9,14], since we excluded TCM, which usually plays a major role in the risk of inhalation exposure.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Cancer Risks Of Thms And Haas Through Diffmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, chlorine reacts with natural organic matter to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination. So far, more than one thousand chlorinated DBPs have been reported [1], among which trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the two most abundant classes on a weight basis [2], thus gaining particular attention and being regulated globally incidence through lifetime exposure [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Havelarr et al [17] calculated DALYs for renal cancer due to bromate, the major DBP in the ozone disinfection process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cancer risk assessment on trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water of China using disability-adjusted life years

Pan

et al. 2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration

et al. 2016

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Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapó River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV254nm absorption (UV254nm) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values of physicochemical parameters (96 % removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93 % for UV254nm, and 99 % for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 μg/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio‐renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane.

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Cancer risk assessment from trihalomethanes in drinking water

Cited by 151 publications

References 15 publications

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Cancer risk assessment on trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water of China using disability-adjusted life years

Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration

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