Bone Remodeling, Biomaterials And Technological Applications: Revisiting Basic Concepts

Abstract

Presently, several different graft materials are employed in regenerative or corrective bone surgery. However current misconceptions about these biomaterials, their use and risks may compromise their correct application and development. To unveil these misconceptions, this work briefly reviewed concepts about bone remodeling, grafts classification and manufacturing processes, with a special focus on calcium phosphate materials as an example of a current employed biomaterial. Thus a search on the last decade was performed in Medline, LILACS, Scielo and other scientific electronic libraries using as keywords biomaterials, bone remodeling, regeneration, biocompatible materials, hydroxyapatite and therapeutic risks. Our search showed not only an accelerated biotechnological development that brought significant advances to biomaterials use on bone remodeling treatments but also several therapeutic risks that should not be ignored. The biomaterials specificity and limitations to clinical application point to the current need for developing safer products with better interactions with the biological microenvironments

The Routine and Specialised Staining for the Histologic Evaluation of Autogenous Mandibular Bone Grafts An experimental study

“…The proliferation of bone cells is responsible for tissue regeneration, and osteocyte survival in the grafted areas depends directly on the blood supply and on the vitality of the periosteum [24].…”

Periorbital Reconstruction by “Periorbital Patch” Technique Using a Pericardium-Based Collagen Membrane and Titanium Mesh

“…The long-term degradation (3–6 months) of the pericardium-based collagen membrane, when used in combination with a titanium mesh, can provide a sufficient barrier function in periorbital cleft coverage, thereby supporting periosteal tissue creeping and defect closing [26]. At a six-month post-operative checkup, it is shown that eye movements were significantly improved by using a collagen barrier membrane in combination with titanium mesh for orbital floor reconstruction.…”

“…In this context, the collagen might not function purely as a barrier material, but also as an extracellular matrix, supporting the periosteal tissue. The periosteum, which is a soft tissue layer of bone tissue, consisting of the Stratum fibrosum and the Stratum osteogenicum , are already physiologically composed of collagen [26]. Furthermore, collagen-based biomaterials have been used for successful regeneration and repair of ligament tissue [27,28].…”

Calcium orthophosphate bioceramics

“…The future of biosynthetic bone implants will point to better mimicking the autologous bone grafts. Therefore, the composition, structure and molecular surface chemistry of various types of CaPO 4 will be tailored to match the specific biological and metabolic requirements of tissues or disease states [943,944]. This new generation of CaPO 4 bioceramics should enhance the quality of life of millions of people, as they grow older.…”