Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak

Chatzopoulos, Dimitris; Valiakos, George; Γιαννακόπουλος, Αλέξιος; Birtsas, Periklis; Sokos, Christos; Vasileiou, N.G.C.; Papaspyropoulos, Konstantinos G.; Tsokana, Constantina N.; Spyrou, Vassiliki; Fthenakis, G.C.; Billinis, Charalambos

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.009

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The epidemiology of BTV differs from the other viruses studied here, as it is spread through its vector, the Culicoides mosquito, not through direct contact. In parts of Europe where BT is endemic, studies suggest that wild ruminants, mainly red deer, play a role in the epidemiology [76]. Our results did not indicate proximity to wildlife as an important risk factor for small ruminants to be exposed to BTV in the studied area.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

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Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Torsson

Berg

Misinzo

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Introduction: Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Methods: Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. Results and discussion: This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…Various wildlife species, both in Africa and in Europe, have been discussed as possible reservoirs [62,76,77]. The epidemiology of BTV differs from the other viruses studied here, as it is spread through its vector, the Culicoides mosquito, not through direct contact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Torsson

Berg

Misinzo

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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“…Subsequently, presence of Bluetongue virus nucleic acid was confirmed by sequencing. In the general area, where samples were collected, there were 44,215 sheep and goats in 478 farms, as well as 5,949 cattle (Chatzopoulos et al, 2015a). The results of that study indicated the exposure of roe deer to Bluetongue Virus in Greece and confirmed the implication of wildlife species in the outbreak currently ongoing in the country (Chatzopoulos et al, 2015a).…”

Section: Investigations Into Infection Of Wild Cervids With Blutonguementioning

confidence: 53%

“…Detection of the virus in wild ruminants (Chatzopoulos et al, 2015a) indicated that new reservoirs of the virus should also be monitored. Wild deer, especially red deer, which is most relevant to Bluetongue virus infections, presents several features, due to which, they might be appropriate host of the virus (Chapman et al, 1993;Grego et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experiences from the 2014 outbreak of bluetongue in Greece

Vasileiou

Fthenakis

Amiridis

et al. 2016

Small Ruminant Research

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a b s t r a c tObjective of this paper was to review relevant work and to present a general account of the bluetongue outbreak, which occurred in Greece in 2014. In total, 2895 outbreaks of the disease have been reported by the veterinary authorities of Greece; sheep, goats and cattle were affected with officially reported morbidity rates of 11.0%, 2.0% and 3.5%, respectively. No vaccinations were allowed and conservative measures were implemented to attempt to limit the disease, which at the end had expanded throughout the country. In field investigations, a significantly higher bluetongue morbidity rate (27.5%) in sheep has been reported. During that work, clinical anaemia was encountered, which was characterised as macrocytic, hypochromic, regenerative and non-haemolytic. Other investigations, which are reviewed in this paper, have described an outbreak of Citrobacter freundii-associated enteritis in newborn kids, offspring of goats subclinically infected with Bluetongue virus, increased rate of early embryonic deaths, reduced conception rates, increased incidence risk of mastitis and reduced milk yield in herds of subclinicallyinfected cattle and detection of the virus from hunter-harvested tissue samples of roe-deer. In 2015, vaccines against the disease have been licenced; vaccinations started in May 2015. Then, in 2015, only one outbreak of the disease was confirmed, which could have been the result of a combination of reasons acting concurrently to prevent further cases.

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Bluetongue in small ruminants: An opinionated review, with a brief appraisal of the 2014 outbreak of the disease in Greece and the south-east Europe

Kyriakis

Billinis

Papadopoulos

et al. 2015

Veterinary Microbiology

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Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak

Cited by 3 publications

References 92 publications

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Experiences from the 2014 outbreak of bluetongue in Greece

Bluetongue in small ruminants: An opinionated review, with a brief appraisal of the 2014 outbreak of the disease in Greece and the south-east Europe

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