Experiences from the 2014 outbreak of bluetongue in Greece

Vasileiou, N.G.C.; Fthenakis, George C.; Amiridis, G.S.; Athanasiou, Labrini V.; Birtsas, Periklis; Chatzopoulos, Dimitris; Chouzouris, Thomas-Markos; Giannakopoulos, A.; Ioannidi, K.S.; Kalonaki, S.N.; Katsafadou, Angeliki I.; Kyriakis, Constantinos S.; Mavrogianni, V.S.; Papadopoulos, Elias; Spyrou, Vassiliki; Valiakos, George; Venianaki, Athina P.; Billinis, Charalambos

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.010

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…In the recent BT epidemic in south‐east Europe linked to BTV‐4, in Greece in 2014, a total of 2,895 outbreaks have been reported with morbidity rates of 11.0%, 2.0% and 3.5%, in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. However in field investigations, a significantly higher bluetongue morbidity rate (27.5%) in sheep was reported (Vasileiou et al., ). In another survey on 15 sheep flocks, the average morbidity of BT in the sheep flocks was estimated to be 15.3% (95% CI 6.8–23.8%) and the average mortality and case fatality were 4.5% (95% CI 1.5–7.6%) and 32.0% (95% CI 18.1–42.9%), respectively (Katsoulos et al., ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue

More¹,

Bicout²,

Bøtner³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue

More¹,

Bicout²,

Bøtner³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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“…Similarly, ovine paratuberculosis is associated with macrocytic normochromic anemia due to the chronic inflammation (Hemalatha et al, 2013), while in goats, anemia is non-regenerative (Smith and Sherman, 2009). Although, anemia is not a common finding in Bluetongue infected sheep, few cases have been reported in sheep attributed either in vasculitis caused by the virus or chronic disease (Vasileiou et al, 2016). Apart from inflammation, neoplasia has been reported to cause anemia of chronic disease.…”

Section: Hemolytic Anemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

Katsogiannou

Athanasiou

Christodoulopoulos

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Anemia in ruminants is an abnormal condition characterized by the decrease of the hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume, PCV), the mass of erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs) and/or hemoglobin. Anemia is classified as hemolytic, hemorrhagic or anemia caused by the decreased production of erythrocytes; the first two categories are characterized by a regenerative response. Hemorrhagic anemia can be caused by ectoparasites or parasites of the gastrointestinal system, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers, vena cava thrombosis as well as from the genitourinary tract. In addition, primary and secondary hemostatic disorders can be accompanied by hemorrhagic anemia. Hemoparasites, toxins produced from Clostridium perfringens type D and Clostridium hemolyticum and leptospirosis are some of the causes of hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, certain plants, drugs or heavy metals and lack of certain trace elements can cause hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has also been reported in ruminants. The reduced production of erythrocytes can be caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or iron, as well as by chronic diseases. Pathologic conditions of bone marrow like inflammatory or neoplastic cells filtration and hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow are related to reduced production of erythrocytes. After laboratory confirmation by complete blood count analysis, history taking, clinical examination of the animal and specific test depending on the case, are required for the diagnostic approach of anemia and especially for etiological diagnosis. Tachycardia, tachypnea, icterus, mucosal pallor as well as specific symptoms of the underlying disease are observed during the clinical examination of the animal. FAMACHA technique is widely used for the clinical diagnosis and the assessment of the severity of anemia. With respect to complete blood count, apart from the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytes indices as Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) are contributing to the classification of anemia. The size and the shape of the erythrocytes, the appearance of inclusions and reticulocytes, which are indicative of regenerative anemia, are evaluated in blood smear. Rarely, examination of bone marrow is carried out, for the differentiation of anemia as regenerative or non-regenerative. In particular, the confirmation of immune- mediate anemia is based on Coomb’s test for the detection of autoagglutination. Except from hemorrhage, blood loss is detected at urinalysis or feces microscopy for the presence of blood and/or parasites. Finally, serological and molecular techniques for the detection of infectious agents, as well as specific toxicological analysis are performed in various biological materials.

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“…Finally, cases were recorded as far as Hungary in the north end of that region (Vasileiou and Fthenakis, 2014).…”

Section: Timeline Of Bluetongue In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak

Chatzopoulos

Valiakos

Γιαννακόπουλος

et al. 2015

Small Ruminant Research

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Experiences from the 2014 outbreak of bluetongue in Greece

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak

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