Bismuth Film Electrode for the Cathodic Electrochemical Determination of Thiamethoxam

Abstract

A cathodic electrochemical application of bismuth film modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated with the objective of determining thiamethoxam insecticide. The conditions of bismuth film deposition (electrode pretreatment procedure, composition of the plating solution, plating potential and film stability) were optimized using electrochemical and microscopic techniques. It was found that the bismuth film generation on glassy carbon substrate in a plating solution of 0.02 M Bi(NO 3 ) 3 , 1 M HCl and 0.5 M KBr, at À 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl) for 60 s and subsequent electrochemical conditioning yielded a modified electrode suitable for analytical purposes. Thiamethoxam was determined by differential pulse voltammetry in Britton -Robinson buffer of pH 8.0 in the concentration range of 1.26 -45.0 mg/cm 3 . The reproducibility of the analytical signal was characterized by a relative standard deviation smaller than 1.5%, and the calculated values of detection and quantitation limits were 0.38 mg/cm 3 and 1.26 mg/cm 3 , respectively. The applicability of the modified electrode was tested on real, agriculturally-incurred potato and maize samples.

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

“…The application of BiEs to medical samples has included monitoring the release of zinc from pancreatic islets [43], the determination of cobalt and nickel in aqueous humor (from the human eye) and cerebrospinal fluid [85], the analysis of blood samples [24,41,133] and the analysis of urine [23,38,87]. Great diversity exists in the use of BiEs for the determination of heavy metals in food samples including wine and fruit juice [28,37,74,139,150,169,188], various vegetable samples (potato and maize [77], sugar cane [142], garlic [144], cabbage, lettuce and celery [160]), meat samples (sausage, tuna and sardines [186]) and other samples including tomato sauce [28], tea leaves [64,116] and tobacco [33]. While various natural and marine water samples make up the bulk of environmental samples, BiEs have also been applied to complex sewage samples [128,181], plant extracts [75,86], fertilizer samples [103,145] and a number of soil samples [33,34,39,49,55,104,141].…”

“…The individual contributions came from "traditional" propagators of bismuth electrodes from the U.S.A. [71,83], Slovenia [72,85,89], Czech Republic [72,90,96], Poland [78], Greece [72,73,82,87,90], Portugal [75], France [86,92] and the UK [94]; however, the sixth year of contemporary era of electroanalysis with BiEs was also the sign of new research groups appearing over the whole world. Thus, the aboveintroduced "Bismuth Club" -a hypothetical association and so-far unrealized idea of some pioneers in the field -could invite further members from Europe (Germany [70,93], Spain [80], Italy [91], and Serbia [77]), North America (Delaware, USA [76]), and the Far East (China [79,84], Thailand [76]), and Australia [74,81]. Such diversity of the scientific teams involved in the intensive research on BiEs and BiFEs was naturally mirrored in the respective activities.…”

“…In contrast to the previous year, quite abundant activities could be seen in the development and verification of methods for determination of organic substances and pollutants (namely: propionaldehyde [91], picric acid [93], Metamitron [80], and Thiamethoxam [77]), biologically important compounds (metallothionens [79,84]), and pharmaceutical formulations (Daunomycin [93]). …”

Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry of Tellurium(IV) at a Bismuth Film Electrode

“…13,14 Cathodic stripping voltammetric determination of As(III), Te(IV), Sb(III and V) and Se(IV) using in situ plated BiFEs has been reported.…”

Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Folic Acid Using ex–situ Prepared Bismuth Film Electrodes

“…By using of an "environmentally friendly" electrode material -bismuth (mostly as electrodeposited bismuth film as it is well known resemblance in electrochemical behavior between Bi and Hg) in electrochemical "stripping" analysis, [20,21,22] it is possible to overcome issues related to mercury based materials. Although conventional and micro bismuth film electrodes have been widely used in electrochemical analysis of various organic compounds [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] their relevance for folic acid determination has been very poorly exploited. Only Ananthi et al [38] reported determination of folic acid using glassy carbon electrode modified with an electrodeposited bismuth nanowires by square wave voltammetry.…”