A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

Abstract

In this article, the decade of electroanalysis with bismuth-based electrodes is reviewed (with 222 refs.). Emphasis is put on the environmentally friendly ("green") character of bismuth electrodes, their versatility and variability in use, as well as the actual classification of the individual types of electrodes, sensors, and detectors that utilize the unique properties of metallic bismuth. Of particular interest is the genesis of the field, when the respective activities and achievements are monitored year by year over the whole period of 2000 -2009, including the circumstances of the introduction of bismuth-coated electrodes into electrochemical stripping analysis. The review highlights all the significant milestones and break-points that had directed the experimental work around the globe, outlining the present days position of this lively, inspiring, and still highly prospective area. Finally, it provides a special insight into electroanalysis with bismuth electrodes through numerous surveys, summaries, and detailed statistical data obtained by analyzing the accessible literature database.

Electrochemical devices for the detection of priority pollutants listed in the EU water framework directive

“…Several reviews have already been published that summarize the development of Bi based electrodes in electroanalysis. Švancara et al [33] reviewed the activities and achievements made during the first decade of development of Bi-based electrodes since the pioneering work reported in 2000 [34], especially focusing on the device versatility as well as the significant milestones and break-points in heavy metal determination.…”

Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Copper Traces in Carbonate Minerals and Fly Ash Extracts Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified In Situ with Antimony Film

“…Moreover, due to restrictions in the manipulation and disposal of mercury and its salts in laboratories in some countries, new electrode materials for the preparation of voltammetric sensors have been proposed and tested. Especially bismuth (BiFE) [4] and, subsequently, antimony (SbFE) film electrodes [5,6], both introduced to the analytical practice at the beginning of the present century, have found wide application for the ASV detection of some metal ions (e.g., Pb, Cd, Zn, In, Tl) and organic compounds [7][8][9][10][11]. Unfortunately, the standard potential of copper is more positive than those of Bi or Sb and the anodic Cu oxidation wave is located outside the accessible potential windows of bismuth and antimony film electrodes.…”

Construção e aplicação de um minissensor de filme de bismuto utilizando materiais de baixo custo para determinações voltamétricas in loco

“…2,4 Nesse sentido, o uso do eletrodo de filme de bismuto (BiFE -Bismuth Film Electrode) surgiu como uma alternativa viável desde o seu emprego pioneiro em 2000. 2 Os eletrodos de filme de bismuto, 5 além de serem materiais ambientalmente amigáveis e com amplo intervalo de potencial negativo de trabalho, apresentam baixas correntes capacitivas. Outrossim, apresentam boa precisão, boa reprodutibilidade dos filmes formados, melhor sensibilidade e seletividade para diversos cátions metálicos.…”