A cathodic electrochemical application of bismuth film modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated with the objective of determining thiamethoxam insecticide. The conditions of bismuth film deposition (electrode pretreatment procedure, composition of the plating solution, plating potential and film stability) were optimized using electrochemical and microscopic techniques. It was found that the bismuth film generation on glassy carbon substrate in a plating solution of 0.02 M Bi(NO 3 ) 3 , 1 M HCl and 0.5 M KBr, at À 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl) for 60 s and subsequent electrochemical conditioning yielded a modified electrode suitable for analytical purposes. Thiamethoxam was determined by differential pulse voltammetry in Britton -Robinson buffer of pH 8.0 in the concentration range of 1.26 -45.0 mg/cm 3 . The reproducibility of the analytical signal was characterized by a relative standard deviation smaller than 1.5%, and the calculated values of detection and quantitation limits were 0.38 mg/cm 3 and 1.26 mg/cm 3 , respectively. The applicability of the modified electrode was tested on real, agriculturally-incurred potato and maize samples.
Summary.A review of pathogenic microorganisms presenting risk of infection in pool based artificial recreational water venues is extracted from the available scientific literature. The microorganisms are grouped both according to their way of spread and their survival and growth strategies and their characteristics relevant for the pool and spa based recreation are discussed. In order to put the proposed risks on a solid basis, among others a ten year excerpt of the waterborne disease statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is used throughout the article.Key words: man-made water recreational environment, risk of infection, waterborne disease outbreaks, swimming pool, hot tub.Riassunto (Il rischio di contrarre malattie infettive nelle piscine pubbliche. Una rassegna). Viene presentata una sintesi della letteratura scientifica disponibile sui microorganismi patogeni potenzialmente infettivi, in ambienti acquatici ricreativi artificiali, come le piscine. I microorganismi sono raggruppati sia in base alle loro vie di diffusione che in base alle loro strategie di sopravvivenza e di crescita; successivamente vengono discusse le loro caratteristiche più importanti negli ambienti ricreativi considerati, piscine e terme. Per fornire adeguate e solide basi scientifiche ai tipi di rischi presentati, vengono analizzate, oltre ad altri documenti, le statistiche relative a dieci anni di osservazione di malattie legate all'acqua del Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Parole chiave: ambienti ricreativi acquatici artificiali, rischio di infezione, epidemie di malattie legate all'acqua, piscine, vasche da idromassaggio.
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