Biotechnologies Applied in Biomedical Vaccines

Abstract

Vaccination, the administration of an antigenic material (vaccine), is considered to be the most efective method for disease prevention and control. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a diseases-causing pathogen and is often made from inactivated microbes, live atenuated microbes, its toxins, or part of surface antigens (subunit). However, the modern biotechnological tools and genomics have opened a new era to develop novel vaccines and many products are successfully marketing around the world. It is important to formulate and deliver these vaccines appropriately to maximize the potential advances in prevention, therapy, and vaccinology. New vaccines employing biotechnological innovations are helping us to change the way for illness prevention. The clinical application of vaccines will be diversiied along with the development of biotechnologies. In modern society, the outbreak of many infectious diseases has decreased through vaccination, but the burden of noninfectious diseases is growing. The new biotechnologies may result in not only the appreciation of vaccines which are critical in inducing protection against an infectious disease but also the production of therapeutic vaccines which are efective for alldiseases including infectious and noninfectious diseases.

Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Rotavirus Common Genotypes Showed High Prevalence of Common P Genotypes in Egypt

“…Recombinant subunit vaccines are made from a fragment of protein expressed in the laboratory using the viral gene. A lot of reports showed the advantages of the recombinant subunit vaccines in relation to the live attenuated vaccines, such as safety profile (due to the lack of replication) and production cost, although they may require the use of adjuvants to elicit a protective and long-lasting immune response (Nascimento and Leite 2012;Perez et al 2012;El-Senousy et al 2013d;Chen et al 2017). The two licensed live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines do not cover all human rotavirus common P genotypes (such as P[4] and P[6]) circulated in the Egyptian rotavirus cases and in the raw sewage samples in the present study.…”

Is Nanotechnology Helping in the Fight Against COVID-19?

“…Nanotechnology represents an excellent tool for vaccine development. It can be beneficial for antigen protection from premature degradation to enhance immunity response, control release kinetics, reduce adverse effects, deliver site-specific antigens, and facilitate intracellular uptakes (Zaman et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2017;Nasrollahzadeh et al, 2020;Poon and Patel, 2020). There are currently many commercially available nanotechnology-based vaccines, such as Gardasil TM , Cervarix TM , Inflexal R V, and Epaxal R (Chen et al, 2017).…”

Introductory Chapter: Biopharmaceuticals

“…Biotechnologies using recombinant DNA technologies, genetic engineering, and tissue culture encompass a wide range of procedures to modify living organisms for human uses. New vaccines employing biotechnologies improve the product quality and expand the clinical applications [13]. For example, traditional vaccines are only used to prevent infectious diseases, but vaccines based on biotechnologies are being developed to prevent many noninfectious diseases such as cancers, type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Alzheimer disease, drug addiction, etc.…”

“…For example, traditional vaccines are only used to prevent infectious diseases, but vaccines based on biotechnologies are being developed to prevent many noninfectious diseases such as cancers, type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Alzheimer disease, drug addiction, etc. [13]. In addition, therapeutic vaccines are potentially developing for both infectious and noninfectious diseases using the biotechnologies such as reverse vaccinology, recombinant subunit vaccination, recombinant protein vaccination, DNA vaccination, and RNA vaccination.…”

“…The major challenge is complex vaccination schedules. The vaccines based on biotechnologies are usually only parts of microorganisms (DNA, RNA, or protein); therefore, it is required to have multiple doses to induce additional "booster" shots for full immunity [13].…”