Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background The analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be an acceptable way to examine the ongoing biochemical processes associated with bone turnover during orthodontic tooth movement. If it is possible to biologically monitor and predict the outcome of orthodontic forces, then the management of appliances could be based on individual tissue responses, and the effectiveness of the treatment could be improved. Methodology A literature search was carried out in major databases, such as medline, EMBASE, cochrane library, web of science, google scholar and scopus for relevant studies. Publications in English between 2000 and 2014 which estimated GCF markers as indicators of orthodontic tooth movement were included. Results The list of biomarkers available to date was compiled and presented in table format. Each biomarker is discussed separately based on the available evidence. Conclusion Several sensitive GCF markers are available to detect the biomechanical changes occurring during orthodontic tooth movement. Further focused research might help to analyze the sensitivity and reliability of these indicators, which in turn can lead to the development of chairside tests to assess the outcome of orthodontic therapy. How to cite this article Alhadlaq AM. Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Systematic Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(7):578-587.

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners

“…10,24 While GCF volumes did not differ between or within test sites and control sites as previously described in the literature, 13 interestingly, a significant increase of IL-1b in the GCF samples of test teeth with respect to those obtained from the control teeth was observed in this study. Furthermore, when considering GCF samples obtained from pressure and tension sites, an increased level of 1b was evident at the pressure sites.…”

“…3,6 TGF-1b is one of the key cytokines with pleiotropic properties that has both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory features in the regulation of the inflammatory infiltrate. 24 After 3 weeks of aligner therapy, our results showed an increased level of this cytokine at the tension sites of the test teeth. TGF-1b plays a role in bone destruction; however, an increased concentration of this marker has been demonstrated at both tension and compression sites, revealing a complex role of this mediator.…”

Osteoprotegerin Level Differences in Orthodontic Treatment with Self-ligating and Conventional Preadjusted Brackets at Early Aligning and Leveling Phase

“…3 The GCF analysis may provide a noninvasive method to investigate the biochemical changes and cellular response of the underlying periodontal ligament during orthodontic movement. 4,7 Studies have confirmed that both RANKL and OPG can be detected in human GCF during orthodontic movement. [8][9][10] The methods of orthodontic treatment mechanics have been developed throughout orthodontics history to complement clinicians achieving the desired result on various orthodontic cases.…”

The role of active ingredients nanopowder Stichopus hermanii gel to bone resorption in tension area of orthodontic tooth movement

“…Mechanical loading also alters periodontal tissue vascularity, metabolic process and blood flow resulting in the local synthesis and release of various molecules such as arachidonic acid, cytokines, growth factor, and colony-stimulating factors until tooth movement occurs. 7 The released molecules as cellular responses in the various cell types in and around teeth, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and vascular cells as a stressor response of mechanical forces, provide a favourable microenvironment for tissue apposition or resorption in orthodontic tooth movement. 3 When orthodontic forces are applied to the tooth, the resulting pressure will induce fibroblast cells, osteoclasts and osteoblas in periodontal ligament as a response to mechanical pressure.…”

“…8 Extracellular changes and crevicular gingival fluid as a biomarker orthodontic response occured. 7 Collagen became the most important tissue in periodontal ligament remodeling. The ligament itself undergoes remodeling and the role of MMPs with their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are clearly of importance.…”