Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1b (IL-1b), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces released by aligners. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 healthy, adult patients were selected to participate in this split-mouth study. The treatment plan was designed to obtain only one movement with the first aligner: distalization of a second molar. GCF samples were obtained from pressure and tension sites of the test tooth and from the mesiobuccal and distobuccal sites of the control tooth. The GCF sample volumes were measured using a Periotron 8000. Levels of TGF-b, IL-1b, RANKL, OPG, and OPN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: IL-1b showed a significant increase at the pressure sites after 1 week and 3 weeks with respect to baseline (P , .05) compared with control sites. The kinetics of TGF-1b and OPN were characterized by a significant increase at the tension sites of the test teeth (P , .05) after 3 weeks from the application of orthodontic force. The RANKL level was significantly increased at pressure and tension sites after 1 hour and after 1 week from the application of the orthodontic forces (P ¼ .023 and P ¼ .043, respectively). Conclusions: An increased concentration of bone modeling and remodeling mediators at the pressure sites (IL-1b, RANKL) and tension sites (TGF-1b, OPN) was observed. These scenarios are compatible with previous in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement. (Angle Orthod. 2017;87:74-81)

Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study

“…In contrast, IL-1β expression levels showed fluctuations over time, which is consistent with the findings by Iwasaki et al, 18 where a peak concentration of this cytokine was not characterized within the first 24 h. Castrofolio et al 19 demonstrated that a peak concentration of IL-1β occurred 21 d after orthodontic activation with Invisalign.…”

“…However, this study analyzed a total of 180 sites and a large number of previous studies used similar sample sizes. 1 , 12 - 17 , 19 - 20 , 22 …”

Comparison of TNF-α and IL-1β Concentrations in Gingival Crevicular Fluid During Early Alignment Stage of Orthodontic Treatment in Adults and Adolescents

“…The result closely matches that obtained by other authors, where a posttreatment IL-1β concentration increase was reported [10]. In the study carried out by Italian researchers, IL-1β concentration in the area of applied force shows an increase during tooth movement [19]. Some researchers showed that levels of IL-1β increased in the root resorption area in tooth movements of treated rats [20] IL-1β is a strong cytokine of the periodontal environment in the course of tooth movement [21].…”

Role of osteopontin in bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement: a review

“…Since OPN is ubiquitously expressed in periodontal remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement, various research groups have implicated OPN as a biomarker to assess the tissue response with respect to orthodontic treatment [ 61 ]. The samples were collected from GCF and a protein levels were assessed [ 61 – 65 ]. DNA methylation biomarkers of Spp1 gene and other osteogenic genes may also be helpful to understand the individual variability in response to orthodontic treatment [ 66 ].…”