Biochemical Modification of Titanium Oral Implants: Evidence from In Vivo Studies

Abstract

The discovery of osseointegration of titanium implants revolutionized the dental prosthesis field. Traditionally, implants have a surface that is processed by additive or subtractive techniques, which have positive effects on the osseointegration process by altering the topography. In the last decade, innovative implant surfaces have been developed, on which biologically active molecules have been immobilized with the aim of increasing stimulation at the implant–biological tissue interface, thus favoring the quality of osseointegration. Among these molecules, some are normally present in the human body, and the techniques for the immobilization of these molecules on the implant surface have been called Biochemical Modification of Titanium Surfaces (BMTiS). Different techniques have been described in order to immobilize those biomolecules on titanium implant surfaces. The aim of the present paper is to present evidence, available from in vivo studies, about the effects of biochemical modification of titanium oral implants on osseointegration.

Evolution of implants and advancements for osseointegration: A narrative review

“…To summarize, next to metal or inorganic compounds as coating material, a variety of biomolecules is currently studied for their osteosupportive capacities. Lupi et al [42] grouped the currently researched biomolecules into: peptides, BMP growth factors, non-BMP growth factors, collagens and other extra cellular matrix related components (e.g. hyaluronic acid).…”

“…hyaluronic acid). Next to these groups, the effects of antiresorptive drugs (zoledronic acid, alendronic acid), osteoanabol drugs (teriparatide), chemotherapeutic agents (selenium) and different antibacterial agents (vancomycin, gentamicin) are explored [42] . Over the years a vast variety of surface modification techniques were developed with a high com-…”

Incorporation of inorganic elements onto titanium-based implant surfaces by one-step plasma electrolytic oxidation: an efficient method to enhance osteogenesis

“…Biomaterials Science implant surface occurs immediately after implantation, where the implants are covered by water molecules, ions, and biomolecules, 174 and various proteins from the vascular system and intercellular fluid arrives at the implant surface in minutes. 165 In the second stage, acute inflammation follows, and the immune response is activated, creating an immuneinflammatory micro-environment around the implant where immune cells accumulate, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.…”

“…In general, successive biological events happening at the bone–implant interface from the placement of the implant to good and stable osseointegration can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, the interaction between blood and implant surface occurs immediately after implantation, where the implants are covered by water molecules, ions, and biomolecules, 174 and various proteins from the vascular system and intercellular fluid arrives at the implant surface in minutes. 165 In the second stage, acute inflammation follows, and the immune response is activated, creating an immune-inflammatory micro-environment around the implant where immune cells accumulate, e.g.…”

Selenomethionine-Modified Polyethylenimine-Based Nanoparticles Loaded with miR-132-3p Inhibitor-Biofunctionalized Titanium Implants for Improved Osteointegration

“…Titanium and its alloys have been widely applied as bone implants because of their favorable mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance, superior biocompatibility, and capability for osteointegration . To date, multiple methodsincluding physical, chemical, and biologicalhave been adopted to modify the surfaces of titanium implants and influence the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts, thus achieving faster and better osteointegration. , Of these, the biological methods that biofunctionalize titanium implants with bioactive molecules have attracted much attention because they directly participate in the process of bone regeneration . Biomolecules released from biofunctionalized titanium implants alter the implant–bone interface, which is considered an effective method for improving osteointegration, especially in patients with a compromised osteogenic microenvironment. , …”