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Honeybee is a beneficial insect for human beings. However, their valuable products and colonies became decline from time to time. For instance, in the USA alone it declined from 60% to 26% from 1947 to 2008. However, the demand increased since it is important for a wide variety of uses. This review paper is, therefore, aimed to explore the major constraints of honeybee productions that were sourced from both abiotic and biotic factors and their management. Most of the constraints were extreme temperatures, relative humidity, drought, deforestation, poor apicultural practices, unsafe pesticide utilization, and pests. The constraints managed by different methods. For instance, foulbrood disease managed by destructing the infected comb, avoiding spore contaminations, drying the combs, ventilating, sanitation, and feed honeybees with sugar-syrup. The Varroa destructor is also managed by removing the infested combs, splitting colony, ventilating, and applying organic acids (e.g., lactic, oxalic, and formic like Mite-Away Quick Strips ®), ethereal oils, synthetic pyrethroids, fluvalinate, flumethrin, and predatory mites. The tetracycline antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and sodium sulfathiazole used for antagonizing the honeybee pathogens while feeding the antibiotic fumagillin with 25 mg/1Litre sugar-syrup manages nosema. Chalkbrood managed by improving the ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Honeybee is a beneficial insect for human beings. However, their valuable products and colonies became decline from time to time. For instance, in the USA alone it declined from 60% to 26% from 1947 to 2008. However, the demand increased since it is important for a wide variety of uses. This review paper is, therefore, aimed to explore the major constraints of honeybee productions that were sourced from both abiotic and biotic factors and their management. Most of the constraints were extreme temperatures, relative humidity, drought, deforestation, poor apicultural practices, unsafe pesticide utilization, and pests. The constraints managed by different methods. For instance, foulbrood disease managed by destructing the infected comb, avoiding spore contaminations, drying the combs, ventilating, sanitation, and feed honeybees with sugar-syrup. The Varroa destructor is also managed by removing the infested combs, splitting colony, ventilating, and applying organic acids (e.g., lactic, oxalic, and formic like Mite-Away Quick Strips ®), ethereal oils, synthetic pyrethroids, fluvalinate, flumethrin, and predatory mites. The tetracycline antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and sodium sulfathiazole used for antagonizing the honeybee pathogens while feeding the antibiotic fumagillin with 25 mg/1Litre sugar-syrup manages nosema. Chalkbrood managed by improving the ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Development of bio-compatible, bio-safe and environmentally friendly nanoparticles is a matter of urgency for research in the field of nanotechnology. In this study, we aimed to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles from Mongolian honey as raw material and to determine its biological activities. Honey-based zinc oxide nanoparticles were obtained by green synthesis method, and their characteristics and biological activities were evaluated. Developed zinc oxide nanoparticles from Khentii honey and Selenge honey were at a size of 16.02 nm and 95.23 nm, respectively. A characteristic band of Khentii honey-based zinc oxide nanoparticles was observed at 466 cm–1 and a band of Selenge honey-based zinc oxide nanoparticles was also observed at 434 cm–1. Antibacterial and photocatalytic effects were detected for the developed nanoparticles. The study suggested that newly synthesized honey-based zinc oxide nanoparticles might be an effective tool against bacterial infection.
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