Fall armyworm (FAW) was reported for the first time in Africa in 2016. FAW is widely distributed in Ethiopia, causing significant damage to maize. Nine synthetic insecticides belonging to different chemical groups and 11 pesticidal plants (botanicals) were tested for their efficacy against FAW under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. In the laboratory, Radiant, Tracer, Karate, and Ampligo caused over 90% larval mortality 72 h after application. Malathion had moderate activity, causing 51.7% mortality 72 h after application, while Carbaryl was less effective, causing 28% mortality 72 h after application. In the greenhouse experiment, all synthetic insecticides reduced foliar damage to maize compared to the untreated control. Chemical sprays did not affect plant height, stem thickness, or leaf number. The highest fresh weight (471 g) was obtained from plants treated with Radiant. Among the botanicals tested, Azadirachta indica, Schinnus molle, and Phytolacca dodecandra resulted in the highest percentage larval mortality (>95%) 72 h after application. In the field, non-treated control plants showed extensive leaf injury compared to the synthetic insecticide- and botanical-treated plants. The synthetic insecticides and botanicals that showed high efficacy against FAW larvae can be used as components for integrated pest management (IPM) plans for FAW under smallholder farmer conditions in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize in North and South America. It was first reported from Africa in 2016 and currently established as a major invasive pest of maize. A survey was conducted to explore for natural enemies of the fall armyworm in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in 2017. Smallholder maize farms were randomly selected and surveyed in the three countries. Five different species of parasitoids were recovered from fall armyworm eggs and larvae, including four within the Hymenoptera and one Dipteran. These species are new associations with FAW and were never reported before from Africa, North and South America. In Ethiopia, Cotesia icipe was the dominant larval parasitoid with parasitism ranging from 33.8% to 45.3%, while in Kenya, the tachinid fly, Palexorista zonata, was the primary parasitoid with 12.5% parasitism. Charops ater and Coccygidium luteum were the most common parasitoids in Kenya and Tanzania with parasitism ranging from 6 to 12%, and 4 to 8.3%, respectively. Although fall armyworm has rapidly spread throughout these three countries, we were encouraged to see a reasonable level of biological control in place. This study is of paramount importance in designing a biological control program for fall armyworm, either through conservation of native natural enemies or augmentative release.

Honeybee is a beneficial insect for human beings. However, their valuable products and colonies became decline from time to time. For instance, in the USA alone it declined from 60% to 26% from 1947 to 2008. However, the demand increased since it is important for a wide variety of uses. This review paper is, therefore, aimed to explore the major constraints of honeybee productions that were sourced from both abiotic and biotic factors and their management. Most of the constraints were extreme temperatures, relative humidity, drought, deforestation, poor apicultural practices, unsafe pesticide utilization, and pests. The constraints managed by different methods. For instance, foulbrood disease managed by destructing the infected comb, avoiding spore contaminations, drying the combs, ventilating, sanitation, and feed honeybees with sugar-syrup. The Varroa destructor is also managed by removing the infested combs, splitting colony, ventilating, and applying organic acids (e.g., lactic, oxalic, and formic like Mite-Away Quick Strips ®), ethereal oils, synthetic pyrethroids, fluvalinate, flumethrin, and predatory mites. The tetracycline antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and sodium sulfathiazole used for antagonizing the honeybee pathogens while feeding the antibiotic fumagillin with 25 mg/1Litre sugar-syrup manages nosema. Chalkbrood managed by improving the ABOUT THE AUTHORS

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