Parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of managed European honey bee subspecies, Apis mellifera. Apicultural trade is arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. This imposes difficulties to evaluate the effects of pathogens in isolation, thereby creating demand to survey remote areas. Here, we conducted the first comprehensive survey for 14 honey bee pathogens in Mongolia (N = 3 regions, N = 9 locations, N = 151 colonies), where honey bee colonies depend on humans to overwinter. In Mongolia, honey bees, Apis spp., are not native and colonies of European A. mellifera subspecies have been introduced ~60 years ago. Despite the high detection power and large sample size across Mongolian regions with beekeeping, the mite Acarapis woodi, the bacteria Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, the microsporidian Nosema apis, Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus and Lake Sinai virus strain 2 were not detected, suggesting that they are either very rare or absent. The mite Varroa destructor, Nosema ceranae and four viruses (Sacbrood virus, Black queen cell virus, Deformed wing virus (DWV) and Chronic bee paralysis virus) were found with different prevalence. Despite the positive correlation between the prevalence of V. destructor mites and DWV, some areas had only mites, but not DWV, which is most likely due to the exceptional isolation of apiaries (up to 600 km). Phylogenetic analyses of the detected viruses reveal their clustering and European origin, thereby supporting the role of trade for pathogen spread and the isolation of Mongolia from South-Asian countries. In conclusion, this survey reveals the distinctive honey bee pathosphere of Mongolia, which offers opportunities for exciting future research.

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Тetsuro HadaPhD, Racing horse Association, Japan, Obihiro АННОТАЦИЯ В даннной работе изучены показатели V200 (частота сердечных сокращений и скорости) и THR100 (время стабилизации частоты сердечных сокращений после скачки), пользующие как стандартная оценка у стандартно-чисто породных лошадей. Наряду с этим, была обследована возможность использования этих показателей при оценке тренировки лошадей монгольской породы. В рамках исследования были использованы четыре лошади 4-5 летного возраста монгольской породы.У лошадей монгольской породы пик частоты сердечных сокращений был относительно выше, как 225 bpm, но показатель V200 составляло 10.1м/с и максимальная скорость-11.4м/с которые были ниже, чем у стандартночисто породных лошадей. А показатель THR100 был почти одинаков у обеих исследуемых пород.ABSTRACT The V200 and THR100 are heart rate and velocity based parameters of the standards exercise test of Thoroughbred and Standard breed horses. Therefore, with a purpose to evaluate the possibility of using these parameters in Mongolian horses in the age of 4 and elder, during their racing and training. № 11 (11), декабрь, 2019 г.The peak of the heart rate frequency in Mongolian horses was relatively high than the Thoroughbred horses, as 225 bpm; the parameter of V200 was lower than Thoroughbred horses and there were no significant differences between Mongolian and Thoroughbred horses in parameter by THR100, as 187 seconds.Ключевые слова: скаковые лошади, тренировка, V200, THR100.