Basal Metabolic Rate and Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Men With Spinal Cord Injury

Yılmaz, Bilge; Yaşar, Evren; Göktepe, Salim; Alaca, Rıdvan; Yazıcıoğlu, Kamil; Dal, Uğur; Möhür, Haydar

doi:10.1038/oby.2007.320

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…If studies by the same authors were identified and found to include similar participants and mean REE values (n = 4), [11][12][13][14] the study with the largest sample size was included. Case studies were excluded because of the low level IV evidence, 15 and studies with adolescent data were excluded as the review was confined to the adult population only.…”

Section: Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review

et al. 2015

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Background: Accurate estimation of energy needs is vital for effective nutritional management of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Inappropriate energy prescription after SCI can compound the rates of malnutrition or obesity, increase the risk of complications and negatively influence outcomes. Energy requirements following SCI are not well understood, and there is currently no universally accepted method of estimating energy needs in clinical practice. Study design: This is a systematic literature review. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare the measured resting energy needs of adults with SCI across different phases of rehabilitation, and to identify appropriate energy prediction equations for use in SCI. Setting: This study was conducted in Australia. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases were searched for studies published between 1975 and April 2015, identifying 298 articles. Full articles in English language of adults with SCI who were fasted for a minimum of 8 hours before undergoing indirect calorimetry to measure resting energy expenditure (REE) for at least 20 min were selected. On the basis of the inclusion criteria, 18 articles remained for data extraction. One author extracted information from all articles, and inter-rater reliability was tested in five articles. Results: REE across three phases of injury was assessed: acute, sub-acute and chronic. Few studies (n = 2) have investigated REE in the acute and sub-acute injury stages of SCI recovery. The factors influencing chronic energy needs in SCI patient populations are many and varied, and a valid predictive equation for use in SCI remains elusive. SCI is initially associated with catabolic conditions of trauma such as spinal shock and patients may be at risk of weight loss, malnutrition and pressure injuries. 1 In the long term, SCI results in marked body composition changes, specifically muscle atrophy below the level of injury and higher relative fat mass compared with people without SCI, 1-3 which may contribute to decreases in resting energy expenditure (REE). In an environment of reduced mobility, energy needs are further reduced, and there is an increased risk of weight gain and obesity-related chronic diseases. 4,5 To prescribe an appropriate daily energy intake, an individual's total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) must be determined. An individual's TDEE comprises three components, two of which may be considerably affected by SCI. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum energy required for the basal processes of life, and it contributes the majority (~70%) of TDEE in a healthy person. 6 In the clinical literature, the term BMR is often used interchangeably with REE, and for the purpose of this review REE is defined as the energy expended in an awake, alert individual in a rested position following

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Section: Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review

et al. 2015

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“…For example, Buchholz et al 4 reported in 17 men with SCI, a BMR of 6499 kJ/day. BMR reported for 20 individuals with SCI by Yilmaz et al 33 was 6082 kJ/day.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of methods to assess energy expenditure and physical activity in people with spinal cord injury

Tanhoffer

Raymond

et al. 2012

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Objective: To compare different methods of assessing energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity (PA) in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) under community-dwelling conditions. Methods: A reference standard encompassing the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique, heart rate monitoring (FLEX-HR), a multi-sensor armband (SenseWear Armband (SWA)), and two PA recall questionnaires were employed in 14 people with SCI to estimate EE and leisure-time PA. Results: Mean total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) assessed by DLW, FLEX-HR, and SWA were 9817 ± 2491 kJ/day, 8498 ± 1516 kJ/day, and 11414 ± 3242 kJ/day, respectively. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) quantified by DLW was 2841 ± 1626 kJ/day, 2935 ± 1732 kJ/day estimated from FLEX-HR, and 2773 ± 2966 kJ/day derived from SWA. After converting the PA recall questionnaire data to EE in kJ/day, PAEE for the Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury (PARA-SCI) was 2339 ± 1171 kJ/day and for Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) 749 ± 1026 kJ/day. DLW-quantified PAEE was moderately associated with PARA-SCI (R 2 = 0.62, P < 0.05), but not with the other estimates of PAEE (R 2 ranged between 0.13 and 0.30, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the PARA-SCI recall questionnaire was the best estimate of PAEE compared to the reference standard DLW approach. Although the between-method variability for SWA, FLEX-HR, and PASIPD-derived PAEE was small, there was a weak association between these methods and the criterion DLW technique. The best estimate of DLW-quantified TDEE was by FLEX-HR. SWA significantly overestimated TDEE in this population.

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“…It seems that both groups have lower BMR and RMR values. Moreover, the group with spinal cord injuries showed lower FFM and reduced sympathetic nervous system activity in some studies [21,32]; however, in another study [2], these values were not actually lower. Muscle atrophy in poliomyelitis patients may not be caused by chronic wheelchair use but by the disease itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Seventeen articles were excluded from the systematic review after the full reading. Ten of these did not compare the disabled subjects to able-bodies subjects [2,4,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], 2 were review articles [7,19], 1 presented data from a nonadult population [20], 1 examined tetraplegia only [21], 2 were influenced by acute effects [22,23] and 1 evaluated the cost of ambulation only [24]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basal and Resting Metabolic Rates of Physically Disabled Adult Subjects: A Systematic Review of Controlled Cross-Sectional Studies

et al. 2014

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Aim: To systematically review studies that investigated the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of physically disabled adult subjects. Methods: The studies were identified via MedLine, Science Direct, Science Search, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Wiley, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cochrane, Indice Bibliográfico Espanõl de Ciencias de la Salud, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe. No restriction on publication date was imposed. Results: Data from 6 studies were included. The results showed that physically disabled adult subjects have a lower BMR and/or RMR compared to nondisabled subjects. However, the difference between the groups disappeared when the BMR and RMR were adjusted for fat-free mass. Due to the small number of studies on this subject and the limited types of physical disabilities evaluated in the literature, we could not make a definitive conclusion. Conclusions: Disabled individuals seem to have a lower absolute BMR and/or RMR than able-bodied adults; however, this difference was not present or else it disappeared in half of the studies, after adjusting for body mass and/or fat-free mass.

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Basal Metabolic Rate and Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Men With Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 20 publications

References 19 publications

Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Comparison of methods to assess energy expenditure and physical activity in people with spinal cord injury

Basal and Resting Metabolic Rates of Physically Disabled Adult Subjects: A Systematic Review of Controlled Cross-Sectional Studies

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