Association of obesity measures and multimorbidity in Pakistan: findings from the IMPACT study

The Risk of Multimorbidity Associated with Overweight and Obesity: Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey 2013

“…29 In addition to BMI, other ways to classify obesity have been studied in association with multimorbidity; for example, an assessment of body fat percentage (% bodyfat) showed that adult populations with high percentages of body fat carry a higher risk of multimorbidity than those with higher BMI. 28 In this study, when the chronic diseases that made up the multimorbidity construct were evaluated, hypertension presented the most greatest percentage difference. Some studies have identified hypertension as the most prevalent of the morbidities evaluated among individuals with higher BMI.…”

“…The positive associations between multimorbidity and overweight/obesity, as well as the directions evidenced, are in accordance with the hypotheses that were investigated by this study, which were also observed in the relevant literature. 26 - 28 Another study conducted with PNS data found that different groups of chronic diseases were associated with high BMI. 29 In addition to BMI, other ways to classify obesity have been studied in association with multimorbidity; for example, an assessment of body fat percentage (% bodyfat) showed that adult populations with high percentages of body fat carry a higher risk of multimorbidity than those with higher BMI.…”

“… 29 In addition to BMI, other ways to classify obesity have been studied in association with multimorbidity; for example, an assessment of body fat percentage (% bodyfat) showed that adult populations with high percentages of body fat carry a higher risk of multimorbidity than those with higher BMI. 28 …”

Population attributable risk for multimorbidity among adult women in India: Do smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco and consuming alcohol make a difference?

“…Further, the women in the present study who had media exposure were found to be at increased risk for suffering from multimorbidity which can be explained by their increased opportunities for diving into unhealthy behaviors such as tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Besides, those women who were found to have negative anthropometric measures of overweight and obesity were also having higher likelihood of suffering from multimorbidity which is found in multiple population-based studies in India and other countries [ 35 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Multimorbidade em adultos e idosos do Município de São Paulo: inquérito ISA-capital, 2003, 2008 e 2015

“…Estudo de coorte realizado na Finlândia entre 1982 e 2002 com 32.972 pessoas de 25 a 64 anos realizou acompanhamento durante dez anos e apontou que a obesidade foi um dos fatores que estavam presentes no início do estudo e que foram associados à multimorbidade (5 doenças) em adultos(WIKSTÖM et al, 2015).Estudo longitudinal realizado na Austrália com 4.865 mulheres nascidas entre 1946-1951 que em 1998 não tinham morbidade alguma foram acompanhadas durante 12 anos. Os resultados mostraram que a obesidade esteve associada com o desenvolvimento de multimorbidade (37 condições cônicas)(JACKSON et al,2015).Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado no Paquistão entre 2015 e 2016 com 1.500 adultos, sendo 738 homens e 762 mulheres apontou que a obesidade esteve associada à multimorbidade (21 doenças e uma condição crônica) entre as mulheres, mas não entre os homens(JAWED et al,2020).Existe impacto direto ou indireto da obesidade em múltiplos órgãos e sistemas, bem como associação com várias doenças responsáveis pelas principais causas de mortalidade. Revisão feita em 1998 apontou que entre os adultos, a obesidade aumenta o risco de doença coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, diabetes e alguns tipos de câncer de cólon, endométrio e câncer de mama após a menopausa.…”