Abstract:This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) methods, in a sample of 458 people who have suffered the loss of a loved one due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Pandemic Grief Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2), and a single item on suicidal ideation were used. The unidimensional model had good fit and reliability; furthermore, convergent validit… Show more
“…Based on previous evidence, a five-factor structure is expected to present an adequate fit and show evidence of reliability ( Taylor et al, 2020e ; Abbady et al, 2021 ; Khosravani et al, 2021 ). Similarly, it would be expected that, based on IRT, a greater presence of the latent trait, namely COVID-19 stress, will be required to respond to the higher response categories, as occurs in other instruments used during the COVID-19 pandemic ( Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021c , d , e ). While there is no prior evidence of MI for the CSS-36, it would be expected to be invariant between different sex groups, as has happened with other scales which measure mental health indicators during the current pandemic (e.g., Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021b ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similarly, it would be expected that, based on IRT, a greater presence of the latent trait, namely COVID-19 stress, will be required to respond to the higher response categories, as occurs in other instruments used during the COVID-19 pandemic ( Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021c , d , e ). While there is no prior evidence of MI for the CSS-36, it would be expected to be invariant between different sex groups, as has happened with other scales which measure mental health indicators during the current pandemic (e.g., Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021b ). Previous literature indicates that women had a higher prevalence of stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic than men ( Pieh et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al, 2020 ; Kolakowsky-Hayner et al, 2021 ).…”
The objective of the study was to translate and validate the COVID Stress Scales (CSS-36) into Spanish in Peru. Around 1,424 people, selected through a non-probabilistic sampling, participated in the study. Factor analysis confirmed an initial six-dimensional factorial structure of the CSS-36. Reliability by internal consistency was good for the dimensions of fear of danger, socioeconomic consequences, xenophobia, fear of contamination, traumatic stress, and compulsive control. In addition, the factorial structure of scale has been shown be strictly invariant for both males and females. The Spanish version of the CSS-36 has evidence of validity, reliability, and invariance to measure COVID-19 stress in a Peruvian sample.
“…Based on previous evidence, a five-factor structure is expected to present an adequate fit and show evidence of reliability ( Taylor et al, 2020e ; Abbady et al, 2021 ; Khosravani et al, 2021 ). Similarly, it would be expected that, based on IRT, a greater presence of the latent trait, namely COVID-19 stress, will be required to respond to the higher response categories, as occurs in other instruments used during the COVID-19 pandemic ( Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021c , d , e ). While there is no prior evidence of MI for the CSS-36, it would be expected to be invariant between different sex groups, as has happened with other scales which measure mental health indicators during the current pandemic (e.g., Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021b ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similarly, it would be expected that, based on IRT, a greater presence of the latent trait, namely COVID-19 stress, will be required to respond to the higher response categories, as occurs in other instruments used during the COVID-19 pandemic ( Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021c , d , e ). While there is no prior evidence of MI for the CSS-36, it would be expected to be invariant between different sex groups, as has happened with other scales which measure mental health indicators during the current pandemic (e.g., Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2021b ). Previous literature indicates that women had a higher prevalence of stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic than men ( Pieh et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al, 2020 ; Kolakowsky-Hayner et al, 2021 ).…”
The objective of the study was to translate and validate the COVID Stress Scales (CSS-36) into Spanish in Peru. Around 1,424 people, selected through a non-probabilistic sampling, participated in the study. Factor analysis confirmed an initial six-dimensional factorial structure of the CSS-36. Reliability by internal consistency was good for the dimensions of fear of danger, socioeconomic consequences, xenophobia, fear of contamination, traumatic stress, and compulsive control. In addition, the factorial structure of scale has been shown be strictly invariant for both males and females. The Spanish version of the CSS-36 has evidence of validity, reliability, and invariance to measure COVID-19 stress in a Peruvian sample.
“…In this sense, the smaller the error variance, the more accurately the true scores (or inherent attributes) are reflected in the observed scores ( Crocker and Algina, 1991 ). However, the item response theory (IRT) model has advantages over CTT and has been used for the evaluation of the psychometric properties of instruments measuring mental health indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic in several Latin American countries (see Caycho-Rodríguez et al, 2020 , 2021a , b , c ). IRT allows for establishing a relationship between item properties, individuals’ responses to these items, and the underlying trait being measured ( Steinberg and Thissen, 2013 ).…”
The invariance of the Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Scale (PCIBS) was evaluated in 12 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). A total of 5183 people from the aforementioned countries participated, selected using the snowball sampling method. Measurement invariance was assessed by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) and Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment (CFA-MIAL). In addition, item characteristics were assessed based on Item Response Theory. The results indicate that the original five-item version of the PCIBS is not adequate; whereas a four-item version of the PCIBS (PCIBS-4) showed a good fit in all countries. Thus, using the MG-CFA method, the PCIBS-4 achieved metric invariance, while the CFA-MIAL method indicated that the PCIBS-4 shows metric and scalar invariance. Likewise, the four items present increasing difficulties and high values in the discrimination parameters. The comparison of means of the PCIBS-4 reported irrelevant differences between countries; however, Mexico and Peru presented the highest frequency of preventive behaviors related to COVID-19. It is concluded that the PCIBS-4 is a unidimensional self-report measure which is reliable and invariant across the twelve participating Latin American countries. It is expected that the findings will be of interest to social and health scientists, as well as those professionals directly involved in public health decision making.
“…In recent years, specific scales have been developed to assess psychological problems resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, such as COVID-19 fear [11], COVID-19 anxiety [12], COVID-19 stress [13], pandemic grief [14], or COVID-19 phobia [15], some of which have been translated into Spanish and validated in the Peruvian context, such as the pandemic grief scale [16], fear of COVID-19 scale [17], coronavirus anxiety scale [18], COVID stress scales [19], among others. While these instruments measure important emotional responses characteristic of the early phases of the pandemic, there is a need for instruments that can provide information on changes in these emotional responses as the pandemic has progressed.…”
The aim of the study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric evidence of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 impact scale in the general population of Peru, to measure psychological stress responses produced by the COVID-19 pandemic, including emotional responses and difficulty in performing activities of daily living. Participants were 601 Peruvians, who responded to an online survey consisting of questions designed to collect sociodemographic data, the CIS and the fear of COVID-19 scale. The forward and backward translation method was used to translate the English version into Spanish. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), graded response model was used to estimate the discrimination (a) and difficulty (b) parameters of the items. Multi-group CFA was used to assess measurement invariance. Regarding validity based on the validity in relation to other variables, an explanatory model was proposed using the SEM path method. The unidimensional structure of the 10-item CIS was not confirmed. Therefore, it was suggested that a six-item model of the CIS (CIS-6) provides a better fit and reliable score. The multigroup CFA showed that the CIS-6 does not exhibit measurement invariance between males and females. In addition, the CIS-6 items present adequate discrimination and difficulty indices. A higher presence of the latent trait (in this case, perception of the impact of COVID-19) is required to answer the higher response categories. The findings would help to assess those individuals more prone to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and to have evidence for the development of interventions aimed at decreasing the impact.
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