Assessment of avocado seeds (Persea americana) to produce bio‐oil through supercritical liquefaction

Abstract

Avocado (Persea americana) seeds were liquefi ed in supercritical ethanol and acetone with (KOH, ZnCl 2 ) and without catalyst at various temperatures (250, 270, and 290˚C) in an autoclave under high pressure for production of bio-oil. The effects of liquefaction parameters, such as type of solvent, temperature, and type of catalyst, on the liquefaction yields were studied. Acetone as solvent and zinc chloride as catalyst provide the optimum conditions for liquefaction. The results showed that the highest conversion (liquid+gaseous products) of 76.90 % was obtained in acetone at 290 ˚C with ZnCl 2 (10%). The produced bio-oils were analyzed and characterized by the methods including Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). One hundred seventy and 195 different compounds were identifi ed by GC-MS in the bio-oils obtained in acetone at 270 and 290 ˚C, respectively.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) by‐products and their impact: from bioactive compounds to biomass energy and sorbent material for removing contaminants. A review

“…The same authors studied the production of bio‐oil from avocado seeds, which were liquefied in supercritical acetone and ethanol, in the presence or absence of KOH and ZnCl 2 as catalysts under high pressure at different temperatures. Liquefaction was optimised using acetone as solvent and ZnCl 2 as catalyst at 290 °C, with a conversion rate of 76.90% (Aysu & Durak, ).…”

Closed Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Low Functionality Polyols: Research of Dimensional Stability and Standardised Performance Properties

“…In order to obtain thermally efficient polyurethane foams, conventional blowing agents and water systems were implemented, thus, assuring thermal conductivity values in the range of 0.0198-0.0204 W/(m·K) and obtaining products which conform to all the requirements for performance of sprayed and factory-made polyurethane foam standards EN 14315-1 and EN 13165.Materials 2020, 13, 1438 2 of 17 materials with adequate physical-mechanical properties [1]. The intensified bio-economy forces the polyurethane industry to develop either partially or completely ecological polyurethane foam (PUR) from renewable sources, such as liquefied soybean stalks [2], corn stalks [3,4], wheat stalks [5-7], paper waste [8], bark and starch [9,10], avocado seeds [11], and lignin [12,13]. However, synthetic materials, specifically plastics, are the most widely used in the construction industry because of their durability and low weight.The rapidly growing amount of plastic waste causes a major negative impact on living organisms.…”

“…Materials 2020, 13, 1438 2 of 17 materials with adequate physical-mechanical properties [1]. The intensified bio-economy forces the polyurethane industry to develop either partially or completely ecological polyurethane foam (PUR) from renewable sources, such as liquefied soybean stalks [2], corn stalks [3,4], wheat stalks [5-7], paper waste [8], bark and starch [9,10], avocado seeds [11], and lignin [12,13]. However, synthetic materials, specifically plastics, are the most widely used in the construction industry because of their durability and low weight.…”

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for the production of diluents for bitumen transport

“…Environmental concerns over increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to rigorous regulations on carbon emissions from the use of fossil fuels . Biomass, a clean and renewable energy source, is being considered to produce liquid fuels and chemicals through several biochemical and thermochemical processes . Although biochemical conversion is used commercially, there are concerns with respect to its economic sustainability.…”